Carwin the Biloquist
by Charles Brockden Brown
Hypertext Meanings and Commentaries
from the Encyclopedia of the Self
by Mark Zimmerman

Charles Brockden Brown

[1803-1805]

Chapter I.

I was the second son of a farmer, whose place of residence was
a western district of Pennsylvania. My eldest brother seemed
fitted by nature for the employment to which he was destined. His
wishes never led him astray from the hay-stack and the furrow. His
ideas never ranged beyond the sphere of his vision, or suggested
the possibility that to-morrow could differ from to-day. He could
read and write, because he had no alternative between learning the
lesson prescribed to him, and punishment. He was diligent, as long
as fear urged him forward, but his exertions ceased with the
cessation of this motive. The limits of his acquirements consisted
in signing his name, and spelling out a chapter in the bible.

My character was the reverse of his. My thirst of knowledge
was augmented in proportion as it was supplied with gratification.
The more I heard or read, the more restless and unconquerable my
curiosity became. My senses were perpetually alive to novelty, my
fancy teemed with visions of the future, and my attention fastened
upon every thing mysterious or unknown.

My father intended that my knowledge should keep pace with
that of my brother, but conceived that all beyond the mere capacity
to write and read was useless or pernicious. He took as much pains
to keep me within these limits, as to make the acquisitions of my
brother come up to them, but his efforts were not equally
successful in both cases. The most vigilant and jealous scrutiny
was exerted in vain: Reproaches and blows, painful privations and
ignominious penances had no power to slacken my zeal and abate my
perseverance. He might enjoin upon me the most laborious tasks,
set the envy of my brother to watch me during the performance, make
the most diligent search after my books, and destroy them without
mercy, when they were found; but he could not outroot my darling
propensity. I exerted all my powers to elude his watchfulness.
Censures and stripes were sufficiently unpleasing to make me strive
to avoid them. To effect this desirable end, I was incessantly
employed in the invention of stratagems and the execution of
expedients.

My passion was surely not deserving of blame, and I have
frequently lamented the hardships to which it subjected me; yet,
perhaps, the claims which were made upon my ingenuity and fortitude
were not without beneficial effects upon my character.

This contention lasted from the sixth to the fourteenth year
of my age. My father's opposition to my schemes was incited by a
sincere though unenlightened desire for my happiness. That all his
efforts were secretly eluded or obstinately repelled, was a source
of the bitterest regret. He has often lamented, with tears, what
he called my incorrigible depravity, and encouraged himself to
perseverance by the notion of the ruin that would inevitably
overtake me if I were allowed to persist in my present career.
Perhaps the sufferings which arose to him from the disappointment,
were equal to those which he inflicted on me.

In my fourteenth year, events happened which ascertained my
future destiny. One evening I had been sent to bring cows from a
meadow, some miles distant from my father's mansion. My time was
limited, and I was menaced with severe chastisement if, according
to my custom, I should stay beyond the period assigned.

For some time these menaces rung in my ears, and I went on my
way with speed. I arrived at the meadow, but the cattle had broken
the fence and escaped. It was my duty to carry home the earliest
tidings of this accident, but the first suggestion was to examine
the cause and manner of this escape. The field was bounded by
cedar railing. Five of these rails were laid horizontally from
post to post. The upper one had been broken in the middle, but the
rest had merely been drawn out of the holes on one side, and rested
with their ends on the ground. The means which had been used for
this end, the reason why one only was broken, and that one the
uppermost, how a pair of horns could be so managed as to effect
that which the hands of man would have found difficult, supplied a
theme of meditation.

Some accident recalled me from this reverie, and reminded me
how much time had thus been consumed. I was terrified at the
consequences of my delay, and sought with eagerness how they might
be obviated. I asked myself if there were not a way back shorter
than that by which I had come. The beaten road was rendered
circuitous by a precipice that projected into a neighbouring
stream, and closed up a passage by which the length of the way
would have been diminished one half: at the foot of the cliff the
water was of considerable depth, and agitated by an eddy. I could
not estimate the danger which I should incur by plunging into it,
but I was resolved to make the attempt. I have reason to think,
that this experiment, if it had been tried, would have proved
fatal, and my father, while he lamented my untimely fate, would
have been wholly unconscious that his own unreasonable demands had
occasioned it.

I turned my steps towards the spot. To reach the edge of the
stream was by no means an easy undertaking, so many abrupt points
and gloomy hollows were interposed. I had frequently skirted and
penetrated this tract, but had never been so completely entangled
in the maze as now: hence I had remained unacquainted with a
narrow pass, which, at the distance of an hundred yards from the
river, would conduct me, though not without danger and toil, to the
opposite side of the ridge.

This glen was now discovered, and this discovery induced me to
change my plan. If a passage could be here effected, it would be
shorter and safer than that which led through the stream, and its
practicability was to be known only by experiment. The path was
narrow, steep, and overshadowed by rocks. The sun was nearly set,
and the shadow of the cliff above, obscured the passage almost as
much as midnight would have done: I was accustomed to despise
danger when it presented itself in a sensible form, but, by a
defect common in every one's education, goblins and spectres were
to me the objects of the most violent apprehensions. These were
unavoidably connected with solitude and darkness, and were present
to my fears when I entered this gloomy recess.

These terrors are always lessened by calling the attention
away to some indifferent object. I now made use of this expedient,
and began to amuse myself by hallowing as loud as organs of unusual
compass and vigour would enable me. I utterred the words which
chanced to occur to me, and repeated in the shrill tones of a
Mohock savage . . . "Cow! cow! come home! home!" . . . These
notes were of course reverberated from the rocks which on either
side towered aloft, but the echo was confused and indistinct.

I continued, for some time, thus to beguile the way, till I
reached a space more than commonly abrupt, and which required all
my attention. My rude ditty was suspended till I had surmounted
this impediment. In a few minutes I was at leisure to renew it.
After finishing the strain, I paused. In a few seconds a voice as
I then imagined, uttered the same cry from the point of a rock some
hundred feet behind me; the same words, with equal distinctness and
deliberation, and in the same tone, appeared to be spoken. I was
startled by this incident, and cast a fearful glance behind, to
discover by whom it was uttered. The spot where I stood was buried
in dusk, but the eminences were still invested with a luminous and
vivid twilight. The speaker, however, was concealed from my view.

I had scarcely begun to wonder at this occurrence, when a new
occasion for wonder, was afforded me. A few seconds, in like
manner, elapsed, when my ditty was again rehearsed, with a no less
perfect imitation, in a different quarter. . . . . To this quarter
I eagerly turned my eyes, but no one was visible. . . . The
station, indeed, which this new speaker seemed to occupy, was
inaccessible to man or beast.

If I were surprized at this second repetition of my words,
judge how much my surprise must have been augmented, when the same
calls were a third time repeated, and coming still in a new
direction. Five times was this ditty successively resounded, at
intervals nearly equal, always from a new quarter, and with little
abatement of its original distinctness and force.

A little reflection was sufficient to shew that this was no
more than an echo of an extraordinary kind. My terrors were
quickly supplanted by delight. The motives to dispatch were
forgotten, and I amused myself for an hour, with talking to these
cliffs: I placed myself in new positions, and exhausted my lungs
and my invention in new clamours.

The pleasures of this new discovery were an ample compensation
for the ill treatment which I expected on my return. By some
caprice in my father I escaped merely with a few reproaches. I
seized the first opportunity of again visiting this recess, and
repeating my amusement; time, and incessant repetition, could
scarcely lessen its charms or exhaust the variety produced by new
tones and new positions.

The hours in which I was most free from interruption and
restraint were those of moonlight. My brother and I occupied a
small room above the kitchen, disconnected, in some degree, with
the rest of the house. It was the rural custom to retire early to
bed and to anticipate the rising of the sun. When the moonlight
was strong enough to permit me to read, it was my custom to escape
from bed, and hie with my book to some neighbouring eminence, where
I would remain stretched on the mossy rock, till the sinking or
beclouded moon, forbade me to continue my employment. I was
indebted for books to a friendly person in the neighbourhood, whose
compliance with my solicitations was prompted partly by benevolence
and partly by enmity to my father, whom he could not more
egregiously offend than by gratifying my perverse and pernicious
curiosity.

In leaving my chamber I was obliged to use the utmost caution
to avoid rousing my brother, whose temper disposed him to thwart me
in the least of my gratifications. My purpose was surely laudable,
and yet on leaving the house and returning to it, I was obliged to
use the vigilance and circumspection of a thief.

One night I left my bed with this view. I posted first to my
vocal glen, and thence scrambling up a neighbouring steep, which
overlooked a wide extent of this romantic country, gave myself up
to contemplation, and the perusal of Milton's Comus.

My reflections were naturally suggested by the singularity of
this echo. To hear my own voice speak at a distance would have
been formerly regarded as prodigious. To hear too, that voice, not
uttered by another, by whom it might easily be mimicked, but by
myself! I cannot now recollect the transition which led me to the
notion of sounds, similar to these, but produced by other means
than reverberation. Could I not so dispose my organs as to make my
voice appear at a distance?

From speculation I proceeded to experiment. The idea of a
distant voice, like my own, was intimately present to my fancy. I
exerted myself with a most ardent desire, and with something like
a persuasion that I should succeed. I started with surprise, for
it seemed as if success had crowned my attempts. I repeated the
effort, but failed. A certain position of the organs took place on
the first attempt, altogether new, unexampled and as it were, by
accident, for I could not attain it on the second experiment.

You will not wonder that I exerted myself with indefatigable
zeal to regain what had once, though for so short a space, been in
my power. Your own ears have witnessed the success of these
efforts. By perpetual exertion I gained it a second time, and now
was a diligent observer of the circumstances attending it.
Gradually I subjected these finer and more subtle motions to the
command of my will. What was at first difficult, by exercise and
habit, was rendered easy. I learned to accommodate my voice to all
the varieties of distance and direction.

It cannot be denied that this faculty is wonderful and rare,
but when we consider the possible modifications of muscular motion,
how few of these are usually exerted, how imperfectly they are
subjected to the will, and yet that the will is capable of being
rendered unlimited and absolute, will not our wonder cease?

We have seen men who could hide their tongues so perfectly
that even an Anatomist, after the most accurate inspection that a
living subject could admit, has affirmed the organ to be wanting,
but this was effected by the exertion of muscles unknown and
incredible to the greater part of mankind.

The concurrence of teeth, palate and tongue, in the formation
of speech should seem to be indispensable, and yet men have spoken
distinctly though wanting a tongue, and to whom, therefore, teeth
and palate were superfluous. The tribe of motions requisite to
this end, are wholly latent and unknown, to those who possess that
organ.

I mean not to be more explicit. I have no reason to suppose
a peculiar conformation or activity in my own organs, or that the
power which I possess may not, with suitable directions and by
steady efforts, be obtained by others, but I will do nothing to
facilitate the acquisition. It is by far, too liable to perversion
for a good man to desire to possess it, or to teach it to another.

There remained but one thing to render this instrument as
powerful in my hands as it was capable of being. From my
childhood, I was remarkably skilful at imitation. There were few
voices whether of men or birds or beasts which I could not imitate
with success. To add my ancient, to my newly acquired skill, to
talk from a distance, and at the same time, in the accents of
another, was the object of my endeavours, and this object, after a
certain number of trials, I finally obtained.

In my present situation every thing that denoted intellectual
exertion was a crime, and exposed me to invectives if not to
stripes. This circumstance induced me to be silent to all others,
on the subject of my discovery. But, added to this, was a confused
belief, that it might be made, in some way instrumental to my
relief from the hardships and restraints of my present condition.
For some time I was not aware of the mode in which it might be
rendered subservient to this end.

Chapter II.

My father's sister was an ancient lady, resident in
Philadelphia, the relict of a merchant, whose decease left her the
enjoyment of a frugal competence. She was without children, and
had often expressed her desire that her nephew Frank, whom she
always considered as a sprightly and promising lad, should be put
under her care. She offered to be at the expense of my education,
and to bequeath to me at her death her slender patrimony.

This arrangement was obstinately rejected by my father,
because it was merely fostering and giving scope to propensities,
which he considered as hurtful, and because his avarice desired
that this inheritance should fall to no one but himself. To me, it
was a scheme of ravishing felicity, and to be debarred from it was
a source of anguish known to few. I had too much experience of my
father's pertinaciousness ever to hope for a change in his views;
yet the bliss of living with my aunt, in a new and busy scene, and
in the unbounded indulgence of my literary passion, continually
occupied my thoughts: for a long time these thoughts were
productive only of despondency and tears.

Time only enchanced the desirableness of this scheme; my new
faculty would naturally connect itself with these wishes, and the
question could not fail to occur whether it might not aid me in the
execution of my favourite plan.

A thousand superstitious tales were current in the family.
Apparitions had been seen, and voices had been heard on a multitude
of occasions. My father was a confident believer in supernatural
tokens. The voice of his wife, who had been many years dead, had
been twice heard at midnight whispering at his pillow. I
frequently asked myself whether a scheme favourable to my views
might not be built upon these foundations. Suppose (thought I) my
mother should be made to enjoin upon him compliance with my wishes?

This idea bred in me a temporary consternation. To imitate
the voice of the dead, to counterfeit a commission from heaven,
bore the aspect of presumption and impiety. It seemed an offence
which could not fail to draw after it the vengeance of the deity.
My wishes for a time yielded to my fears, but this scheme in
proportion as I meditated on it, became more plausible; no other
occurred to me so easy and so efficacious. I endeavoured to
persuade myself that the end proposed, was, in the highest degree
praiseworthy, and that the excellence of my purpose would justify
the means employed to attain it.

My resolutions were, for a time, attended with fluctuations
and misgivings. These gradually disappeared, and my purpose became
firm; I was next to devise the means of effecting my views, this
did not demand any tedious deliberation. It was easy to gain
access to my father's chamber without notice or detection, cautious
footsteps and the suppression of breath would place me, unsuspected
and unthought of, by his bed side. The words I should use, and the
mode of utterance were not easily settled, but having at length
selected these, I made myself by much previous repetition,
perfectly familiar with the use of them.

I selected a blustering and inclement night, in which the
darkness was augmented by a veil of the blackest clouds. The
building we inhabited was slight in its structure, and full of
crevices through which the gale found easy way, and whistled in a
thousand cadences. On this night the elemental music was
remarkably sonorous, and was mingled not unfrequently with
~~thunder heard remote~~.

I could not divest myself of secret dread. My heart faultered
with a consciousness of wrong. Heaven seemed to be present and to
disapprove my work; I listened to the thunder and the wind, as to
the stern voice of this disapprobation. Big drops stood on my
forehead, and my tremors almost incapacitated me from proceeding.

These impediments however I surmounted; I crept up stairs at
midnight, and entered my father's chamber. The darkness was
intense and I sought with outstretched hands for his bed. The
darkness, added to the trepidation of my thoughts, disabled me from
making a right estimate of distances: I was conscious of this, and
when I advanced within the room, paused.

I endeavoured to compare the progress I had made with my
knowledge of the room, and governed by the result of this
comparison, proceeded cautiously and with hands still outstretched
in search of the foot of the bed. At this moment lightning flashed
into the room: the brightness of the gleam was dazzling, yet it
afforded me an exact knowledge of my situation. I had mistaken my
way, and discovered that my knees nearly touched the bedstead, and
that my hands at the next step, would have touched my father's
cheek. His closed eyes and every line in his countenance, were
painted, as it were, for an instant on my sight.

The flash was accompanied with a burst of thunder, whose
vehemence was stunning. I always entertained a dread of thunder,
and now recoiled, overborne with terror. Never had I witnessed so
luminous a gleam and so tremendous a shock, yet my father's slumber
appeared not to be disturbed by it.

I stood irresolute and trembling; to prosecute my purpose in
this state of mind was impossible. I resolved for the present to
relinquish it, and turned with a view of exploring my way out of
the chamber. Just then a light seen through the window, caught my
eye. It was at first weak but speedily increased; no second
thought was necessary to inform me that the barn, situated at a
small distance from the house, and newly stored with hay, was in
flames, in consequence of being struck by the lightning.

My terror at this spectacle made me careless of all
consequences relative to myself. I rushed to the bed and throwing
myself on my father, awakened him by loud cries. The family were
speedily roused, and were compelled to remain impotent spectators
of the devastation. Fortunately the wind blew in a contrary
direction, so that our habitation was not injured.

The impression that was made upon me by the incidents of that
night is indelible. The wind gradually rose into an hurricane; the
largest branches were torn from the trees, and whirled aloft into
the air; others were uprooted and laid prostrate on the ground.
The barn was a spacious edifice, consisting wholly of wood, and
filled with a plenteous harvest. Thus supplied with fuel, and
fanned by the wind, the fire raged with incredible fury; meanwhile
clouds rolled above, whose blackness was rendered more conspicuous
by reflection from the flames; the vast volumes of smoke were
dissipated in a moment by the storm, while glowing fragments and
cinders were borne to an immense hight, and tossed everywhere in
wild confusion. Ever and anon the sable canopy that hung around us
was streaked with lightning, and the peals, by which it was
accompanied, were deafning, and with scarcely any intermission.

It was, doubtless, absurd to imagine any connexion between
this portentous scene and the purpose that I had meditated, yet a
belief of this connexion, though wavering and obscure, lurked in my
mind; something more than a coincidence merely casual, appeared to
have subsisted between my situation, at my father's bed side, and
the flash that darted through the window, and diverted me from my
design. It palsied my courage, and strengthened my conviction,
that my scheme was criminal.

After some time had elapsed, and tranquility was, in some
degree, restored in the family, my father reverted to the
circumstances in which I had been discovered on the first alarm of
this event. The truth was impossible to be told. I felt the
utmost reluctance to be guilty of a falsehood, but by falsehood
only could I elude detection. That my guilt was the offspring of
a fatal necessity, that the injustice of others gave it birth and
made it unavoidable, afforded me slight consolation. Nothing can
be more injurious than a lie, but its evil tendency chiefly
respects our future conduct. Its direct consequences may be
transient and few, but it facilitates a repetition, strengthens
temptation, and grows into habit. I pretended some necessity had
drawn me from my bed, and that discovering the condition of the
barn, I hastened to inform my father.

Some time after this, my father summoned me to his presence.
I had been previously guilty of disobedience to his commands, in a
matter about which he was usually very scrupulous. My brother had
been privy to my offence, and had threatened to be my accuser. On
this occasion I expected nothing but arraignment and punishment.
Weary of oppression, and hopeless of any change in my father's
temper and views, I had formed the resolution of eloping from his
house, and of trusting, young as I was, to the caprice of fortune.
I was hesitating whether to abscond without the knowledge of the
family, or to make my resolutions known to them, and while I avowed
my resolution, to adhere to it in spite of opposition and
remonstrances, when I received this summons.

I was employed at this time in the field; night was
approaching, and I had made no preparation for departure; all the
preparation in my power to make, was indeed small; a few clothes,
made into a bundle, was the sum of my possessions. Time would have
little influence in improving my prospects, and I resolved to
execute my scheme immediately.

I left my work intending to seek my chamber, and taking what
was my own, to disappear forever. I turned a stile that led out of
the field into a bye path, when my father appeared before me,
advancing in an opposite direction; to avoid him was impossible,
and I summoned my fortitude to a conflict with his passion.

As soon as we met, instead of anger and upbraiding, he told
me, that he had been reflecting on my aunt's proposal, to take me
under her protection, and had concluded that the plan was proper;
if I still retained my wishes on that head, he would readily comply
with them, and that, if I chose, I might set off for the city next
morning, as a neighbours waggon was preparing to go.

I shall not dwell on the rapture with which this proposal was
listened to: it was with difficulty that I persuaded myself that
he was in earnest in making it, nor could divine the reasons, for
so sudden and unexpected a change in his maxims. . . . These I
afterwards discovered. Some one had instilled into him fears, that
my aunt exasperated at his opposition to her request, respecting
the unfortunate Frank, would bequeath her property to strangers; to
obviate this evil, which his avarice prompted him to regard as much
greater than any mischief, that would accrue to me, from the change
of my abode, he embraced her proposal.

I entered with exultation and triumph on this new scene; my
hopes were by no means disappointed. Detested labour was exchanged
for luxurious idleness. I was master of my time, and the chuser of
my occupations. My kinswoman on discovering that I entertained no
relish for the drudgery of colleges, and was contented with the
means of intellectual gratification, which I could obtain under her
roof, allowed me to pursue my own choice.

Three tranquil years passed away, during which, each day added
to my happiness, by adding to my knowledge. My biloquial faculty
was not neglected. I improved it by assiduous exercise; I deeply
reflected on the use to which it might be applied. I was not
destitute of pure intentions; I delighted not in evil; I was
incapable of knowingly contributing to another's misery, but the
sole or principal end of my endeavours was not the happiness of
others.

I was actuated by ambition. I was delighted to possess
superior power; I was prone to manifest that superiority, and was
satisfied if this were done, without much solicitude concerning
consequences. I sported frequently with the apprehensions of my
associates, and threw out a bait for their wonder, and supplied
them with occasions for the structure of theories. It may not be
amiss to enumerate one or two adventures in which I was engaged.

Chapter III.

I had taken much pains to improve the sagacity of a favourite
Spaniel. It was my purpose, indeed, to ascertain to what degree of
improvement the principles of reasoning and imitation could be
carried in a dog. There is no doubt that the animal affixes
distinct ideas to sounds. What are the possible limits of his
vocabulary no one can tell. In conversing with my dog I did not
use English words, but selected simple monosyllables. Habit
likewise enabled him to comprehend my gestures. If I crossed my
hands on my breast he understood the signal and laid down behind
me. If I joined my hands and lifted them to my breast, he returned
home. If I grasped one arm above the elbow he ran before me. If
I lifted my hand to my forehead he trotted composedly behind. By
one motion I could make him bark; by another I could reduce him to
silence. He would howl in twenty different strains of
mournfulness, at my bidding. He would fetch and carry with
undeviating faithfulness.

His actions being thus chiefly regulated by gestures, that to
a stranger would appear indifferent or casual, it was easy to
produce a belief that the animal's knowledge was much greater than
in truth, it was.

One day, in a mixed company, the discourse turned upon the
unrivaled abilities of ~~Damon~~. Damon had, indeed, acquired in
all the circles which I frequented, an extraordinary reputation.
Numerous instances of his sagacity were quoted and some of them
exhibited on the spot. Much surprise was excited by the readiness
with which he appeared to comprehend sentences of considerable
abstraction and complexity, though, he in reality, attended to
nothing but the movements of hand or fingers with which I
accompanied my words. I enhanced the astonishment of some and
excited the ridicule of others, by observing that my dog not only
understood English when spoken by others, but actually spoke the
language himself, with no small degree of precision.

This assertion could not be admitted without proof; proof,
therefore, was readily produced. At a known signal, Damon began a
low interrupted noise, in which the astonished hearers clearly
distinguished English words. A dialogue began between the animal
and his master, which was maintained, on the part of the former,
with great vivacity and spirit. In this dialogue the dog asserted
the dignity of his species and capacity of intellectual
improvement. The company separated lost in wonder, but perfectly
convinced by the evidence that had been produced.

On a subsequent occasion a select company was assembled at a
garden, at a small distance from the city. Discourse glided
through a variety of topics, till it lighted at length on the
subject of invisible beings. From the speculations of philosophers
we proceeded to the creations of the poet. Some maintained the
justness of Shakspear's delineations of aerial beings, while others
denied it. By no violent transition, Ariel and his songs were
introduced, and a lady, celebrated for her musical skill, was
solicited to accompany her pedal harp with the song of "Five fathom
deep thy father lies" . . . She was known to have set, for her
favourite instrument, all the songs of Shakspeare.

My youth made me little more than an auditor on this occasion.
I sat apart from the rest of the company, and carefully noted every
thing. The track which the conversation had taken, suggested a
scheme which was not thoroughly digested when the lady began her
enchanting strain.

She ended and the audience were mute with rapture. The pause
continued, when a strain was wafted to our ears from another
quarter. The spot where we sat was embowered by a vine. The
verdant arch was lofty and the area beneath was spacious.

The sound proceeded from above. At first it was faint and
scarcely audible; presently it reached a louder key, and every eye
was cast up in expectation of beholding a face among the pendant
clusters. The strain was easily recognized, for it was no other
than that which Ariel is made to sing when finally absolved from
the service of the wizard.

In the Cowslips bell I lie,
On the Bat's back I do fly . . .
After summer merrily, &c.

Their hearts palpitated as they listened: they gazed at each
other for a solution of the mystery. At length the strain died
away at distance, and an interval of silence was succeded by an
earnest discussion of the cause of this prodigy. One supposition
only could be adopted, which was, that the strain was uttered by
human organs. That the songster was stationed on the roof of the
arbour, and having finished his melody had risen into the viewless
fields of air.

I had been invited to spend a week at this house: this period
was nearly expired when I received information that my aunt was
suddenly taken sick, and that her life was in imminent danger. I
immediately set out on my return to the city, but before my arrival
she was dead.

This lady was entitled to my gratitude and esteem; I had
received the most essential benefits at her hand. I was not
destitute of sensibility, and was deeply affected by this event:
I will own, however, that my grief was lessened by reflecting on
the consequences of her death, with regard to my own condition. I
had been ever taught to consider myself as her heir, and her death,
therefore, would free me from certain restraints.

My aunt had a female servant, who had lived with her for
twenty years: she was married, but her husband, who was an
artizan, lived apart from her: I had no reason to suspect the
woman's sincerity and disinterestedness; but my aunt was no sooner
consigned to the grave than a will was produced, in which Dorothy
was named her sole and universal heir.

It was in vain to urge my expectations and my claims . . . .
the instrument was legibly and legally drawn up . . . . Dorothy
was exasperated by my opposition and surmises, and vigorously
enforced her title. In a week after the decease of my kinswoman,
I was obliged to seek a new dwelling. As all my property consisted
in my cloths and my papers, this was easily done.

My condition was now calamitous and forlorn. Confiding in the
acquisition of my aunt's patrimony, I had made no other provision
for the future; I hated manual labour, or any task of which the
object was gain. To be guided in my choice of occupations by any
motive but the pleasure which the occupation was qualified to
produce, was intolerable to my proud, indolent, and restive temper.

This resource was now cut off; the means of immediate
subsistence were denied me: If I had determined to acquire the
knowledge of some lucrative art, the acquisition would demand time,
and, meanwhile, I was absolutely destitute of support. My father's
house was, indeed, open to me, but I preferred to stifle myself
with the filth of the kennel, rather than to return to it.

Some plan it was immediately necessary to adopt. The exigence
of my affairs, and this reverse of fortune, continually occupied my
thoughts; I estranged myself from society and from books, and
devoted myself to lonely walks and mournful meditation.

One morning as I ranged along the bank of Schuylkill, I
encountered a person, by name Ludloe, of whom I had some previous
knowledge. He was from Ireland; was a man of some rank and
apparently rich: I had met with him before, but in mixed
companies, where little direct intercourse had taken place between
us. Our last meeting was in the arbour where Ariel was so
unexpectedly introduced.

Our acquaintance merely justified a transient salutation; but
he did not content himself with noticing me as I passed, but joined
me in my walk and entered into conversation. It was easy to advert
to the occasion on which we had last met, and to the mysterious
incident which then occurred. I was solicitous to dive into his
thoughts upon this head and put some questions which tended to the
point that I wished.

I was somewhat startled when he expressed his belief, that the
performer of this mystic strain was one of the company then
present, who exerted, for this end, a faculty not commonly
possessed. Who this person was he did not venture to guess, and
could not discover, by the tokens which he suffered to appear, that
his suspicions glanced at me. He expatiated with great
profoundness and fertility of ideas, on the uses to which a faculty
like this might be employed. No more powerful engine, he said,
could be conceived, by which the ignorant and credulous might be
moulded to our purposes; managed by a man of ordinary talents, it
would open for him the straightest and surest avenues to wealth and
power.

His remarks excited in my mind a new strain of thoughts. I
had not hitherto considered the subject in this light, though vague
ideas of the importance of this art could not fail to be
occasionally suggested: I ventured to inquire into his ideas of
the mode, in which an art like this could be employed, so as to
effect the purposes he mentioned.

He dealt chiefly in general representations. Men, he said,
believed in the existence and energy of invisible powers, and in
the duty of discovering and conforming to their will. This will
was supposed to be sometimes made known to them through the medium
of their senses. A voice coming from a quarter where no attendant
form could be seen would, in most cases, be ascribed to supernal
agency, and a command imposed on them, in this manner, would be
obeyed with religious scrupulousness. Thus men might be
imperiously directed in the disposal of their industry, their
property, and even of their lives. Men, actuated by a mistaken
sense of duty, might, under this influence, be led to the
commission of the most flagitious, as well as the most heroic acts:
If it were his desire to accumulate wealth, or institute a new
sect, he should need no other instrument.

I listened to this kind of discourse with great avidity, and
regretted when he thought proper to introduce new topics. He ended
by requesting me to visit him, which I eagerly consented to do.
When left alone, my imagination was filled with the images
suggested by this conversation. The hopelessness of better
fortune, which I had lately harboured, now gave place to cheering
confidence. Those motives of rectitude which should deter me from
this species of imposture, had never been vivid or stable, and were
still more weakened by the artifices of which I had already been
guilty. The utility or harmlessness of the end, justified, in my
eyes, the means.

No event had been more unexpected, by me, than the bequest of
my aunt to her servant. The will, under which the latter claimed,
was dated prior to my coming to the city. I was not surprised,
therefore, that it had once been made, but merely that it had never
been cancelled or superseded by a later instrument. My wishes
inclined me to suspect the existence of a later will, but I had
conceived that, to ascertain its existence, was beyond my power.

Now, however, a different opinion began to be entertained.
This woman like those of her sex and class was unlettered and
superstitious. Her faith in spells and apparitions, was of the
most lively kind. Could not her conscience be awakened by a voice
from the grave! Lonely and at midnight, my aunt might be
introduced, upbraiding her for her injustice, and commanding her to
attone for it by acknowledging the claim of the rightful
proprietor.

True it was, that no subsequent will might exist, but this was
the fruit of mistake, or of negligence. She probably intended to
cancel the old one, but this act might, by her own weakness, or by
the artifices of her servant, be delayed till death had put it out
of her power. In either case a mandate from the dead could
scarcely fail of being obeyed.

I considered this woman as the usurper of my property. Her
husband as well as herself, were laborious and covetous; their good
fortune had made no change in their mode of living, but they were
as frugal and as eager to accumulate as ever. In their hands,
money was inert and sterile, or it served to foster their vices.
To take it from them would, therefore, be a benefit both to them
and to myself; not even an imaginary injury would be inflicted.
Restitution, if legally compelled to it, would be reluctant and
painful, but if enjoined by Heaven would be voluntary, and the
performance of a seeming duty would carry with it, its own reward.

These reasonings, aided by inclination, were sufficient to
determine me. I have no doubt but their fallacy would have been
detected in the sequel, and my scheme have been productive of
nothing but confusion and remorse. From these consequences,
however, my fate interposed, as in the former instance, to save me.

Having formed my resolution, many preliminaries to its
execution were necessary to be settled. These demanded
deliberation and delay; meanwhile I recollected my promise to
Ludlow, and paid him a visit. I met a frank and affectionate
reception. It would not be easy to paint the delight which I
experienced in this man's society. I was at first oppressed with
the sense of my own inferiority in age, knowledge and rank. Hence
arose numberless reserves and incapacitating diffidences; but these
were speedily dissipated by the fascinations of this man's address.
His superiority was only rendered, by time, more conspicuous, but
this superiority, by appearing never to be present to his own mind,
ceased to be uneasy to me. My questions required to be frequently
answered, and my mistakes to be rectified; but my keenest scrutiny,
could detect in his manner, neither arrogance nor contempt. He
seemed to talk merely from the overflow of his ideas, or a
benevolent desire of imparting information.

Chapter IV.

My visits gradually became more frequent. Meanwhile my wants
increased, and the necessity of some change in my condition became
daily more urgent. This incited my reflections on the scheme which
I had formed. The time and place suitable to my design, were not
selected without much anxious inquiry and frequent waverings of
purpose. These being at length fixed, the interval to elapse,
before the carrying of my design into effect, was not without
perturbation and suspense. These could not be concealed from my
new friend and at length prompted him to inquire into the cause.

It was not possible to communicate the whole truth; but the
warmth of his manner inspired me with some degree of ingenuousness.
I did not hide from him my former hopes and my present destitute
condition. He listened to my tale with no expressions of sympathy,
and when I had finished, abruptly inquired whether I had any
objection to a voyage to Europe? I answered in the negative. He
then said that he was preparing to depart in a fortnight and
advised me to make up my mind to accompany him.

This unexpected proposal gave me pleasure and surprize, but
the want of money occurred to me as an insuperable objection. On
this being mentioned, Oho! said he, carelessly, that objection is
easily removed, I will bear all expenses of your passage myself.

The extraordinary beneficence of this act as well as the air
of uncautiousness attending it, made me doubt the sincerity of his
offer, and when new declarations removed this doubt, I could not
forbear expressing at once my sense of his generosity and of my own
unworthiness.

He replied that generosity had been expunged from his
catalogue as having no meaning or a vicious one. It was the scope
of his exertions to be just. This was the sum of human duty, and
he that fell short, ran beside, or outstripped justice was a
criminal. What he gave me was my due or not my due. If it were my
due, I might reasonably demand it from him and it was wicked to
withhold it. Merit on one side or gratitude on the other, were
contradictory and unintelligible.

If I were fully convinced that this benefit was not my due and
yet received it, he should hold me in contempt. The rectitude of
my principles and conduct would be the measure of his approbation,
and no benefit should he ever bestow which the receiver was not
entitled to claim, and which it would not be criminal in him to
refuse.

These principles were not new from the mouth of Ludloe, but
they had, hitherto, been regarded as the fruits of a venturous
speculation in my mind. I had never traced them into their
practical consequences, and if his conduct on this occasion had not
squared with his maxims, I should not have imputed to him
inconsistency. I did not ponder on these reasonings at this time:
objects of immediate importance engrossed my thoughts.

One obstacle to this measure was removed. When my voyage was
performed how should I subsist in my new abode? I concealed not my
perplexity and he commented on it in his usual manner. How did I
mean to subsist, he asked, in my own country? The means of living
would be, at least, as much within my reach there as here. As to
the pressure of immediate and absolute want, he believed I should
be exposed to little hazard. With talents such as mine, I must be
hunted by a destiny peculiarly malignant, if I could not provide
myself with necessaries wherever my lot were cast.

He would make allowances, however, for my diffidence and self-
distrust, and would obviate my fears by expressing his own
intentions with regard to me. I must be apprized, however, of his
true meaning. He laboured to shun all hurtful and vitious things,
and therefore carefully abstained from making or confiding ~~in
promises~~. It was just to assist me in this voyage, and it would
probably be equally just to continue to me similar assistance when
it was finished. That indeed was a subject, in a great degree,
within my own cognizance. His aid would be proportioned to my
wants and to my merits, and I had only to take care that my claims
were just, for them to be admitted.

This scheme could not but appear to me eligible. I thirsted
after an acquaintance with new scenes; my present situation could
not be changed for a worse; I trusted to the constancy of Ludloe's
friendship; to this at least it was better to trust than to the
success of my imposture on Dorothy, which was adopted merely as a
desperate expedient: finally I determined to embark with him.

In the course of this voyage my mind was busily employed.
There were no other passengers beside ourselves, so that my own
condition and the character of Ludloe, continually presented
themselves to my reflections. It will be supposed that I was not
a vague or indifferent observer.

There were no vicissitudes in the deportment or lapses in the
discourse of my friend. His feelings appeared to preserve an
unchangeable tenor, and his thoughts and words always to flow with
the same rapidity. His slumber was profound and his wakeful hours
serene. He was regular and temperate in all his exercises and
gratifications. Hence were derived his clear perceptions and
exuberant health.

This treatment of me, like all his other mental and corporal
operations, was modelled by one inflexible standard. Certain
scruples and delicacies were incident to my situation. Of the
existence of these he seemed to be unconscious, and yet nothing
escaped him inconsistent with a state of absolute equality.

I was naturally inquisitive as to his fortune and the
collateral circumstances of his condition. My notions of
politeness hindered me from making direct inquiries. By indirect
means I could gather nothing but that his state was opulent and
independent, and that he had two sisters whose situation resembled
his own.

Though, in conversation, he appeared to be governed by the
utmost candour; no light was let in upon the former transactions of
his life. The purpose of his visit to America I could merely guess
to be the gratification of curiosity.

My future pursuits must be supposed chiefly to occupy my
attention. On this head I was destitute of all stedfast views.
Without profession or habits of industry or sources of permanent
revenue, the world appeared to me an ocean on which my bark was set
afloat, without compass or sail. The world into which I was about
to enter, was untried and unknown, and though I could consent to
profit by the guidance I was unwilling to rely on the support of
others.

This topic being nearest my heart, I frequently introduced
into conversation with my friend; but on this subject he always
allowed himself to be led by me, while on all others, he was
zealous to point the way. To every scheme that I proposed he was
sure to cause objections. All the liberal professions were
censured as perverting the understanding, by giving scope to the
sordid motive of gain, or embuing the mind with erroneous
principles. Skill was slowly obtained, and success, though
integrity and independence must be given for it, dubious and
instable. The mechanical trades were equally obnoxious; they were
vitious by contributing to the spurious gratifications of the rich
and multiplying the objects of luxury; they were destruction to the
intellect and vigor of the artizan; they enervated his frame and
brutalized his mind.

When I pointed out to him the necessity of some species of
labour, he tacitly admitted that necessity, but refused to direct
me in the choice of a pursuit, which though not free from defect
should yet have the fewest inconveniences. He dwelt on the fewness
of our actual wants, the temptations which attend the possession of
wealth, the benefits of seclusion and privacy, and the duty of
unfettering our minds from the prejudices which govern the world.

His discourse tended merely to unsettle my views and increase
my perplexity. This effect was so uniform that I at length
desisted from all allusions to this theme and endeavoured to divert
my own reflections from it. When our voyage should be finished,
and I should actually tread this new stage, I believed that I
should be better qualified to judge of the measures to be taken by
me.

At length we reached Belfast. From thence we immediately
repaired to Dublin. I was admitted as a member of his family.
When I expressed my uncertainty as to the place to which it would
be proper for me to repair, he gave me a blunt but cordial
invitation to his house. My circumstances allowed me no option and
I readily complied. My attention was for a time engrossed by a
diversified succession of new objects. Their novelty however
disappearing, left me at liberty to turn my eyes upon myself and my
companion, and here my reflections were supplied with abundant
food.

His house was spacious and commodious, and furnished with
profusion and elegance. A suit of apartments was assigned to me,
in which I was permitted to reign uncontroled and access was
permitted to a well furnished library. My food was furnished in my
own room, prepared in the manner which I had previously directed.
Occasionally Ludloe would request my company to breakfast, when an
hour was usually consumed in earnest or sprightly conversation. At
all other times he was invisible, and his apartments, being wholly
separate from mine, I had no opportunity of discovering in what way
his hours were employed.

He defended this mode of living as being most compatible with
liberty. He delighted to expatiate on the evils of cohabitation.
Men, subjected to the same regimen, compelled to eat and sleep and
associate at certain hours, were strangers to all rational
independence and liberty. Society would never be exempt from
servitude and misery, till those artificial ties which held human
beings together under the same roof were dissolved. He endeavoured
to regulate his own conduct in pursuance of these principles, and
to secure to himself as much freedom as the present regulations of
society would permit. The same independence which he claimed for
himself he likewise extended to me. The distribution of my own
time, the selection of my own occupations and companions should
belong to myself.

But these privileges, though while listening to his arguments
I could not deny them to be valuable, I would have willingly
dispensed with. The solitude in which I lived became daily more
painful. I ate and drank, enjoyed clothing and shelter, without
the exercise of forethought or industry; I walked and sat, went out
and returned for as long and at what seasons I thought proper, yet
my condition was a fertile source of discontent.

I felt myself removed to a comfortless and chilling distance
from Ludloe. I wanted to share in his occupations and views. With
all his ingenuousness of aspect and overflow of thoughts, when he
allowed me his company, I felt myself painfully bewildered with
regard to his genuine condition and sentiments.

He had it in his power to introduce me to society, and without
an introduction, it was scarcely possible to gain access to any
social circle or domestic fireside. Add to this, my own obscure
prospects and dubious situation. Some regular intellectual pursuit
would render my state less irksome, but I had hitherto adopted no
scheme of this kind.

Chapter V.

Time tended, in no degree, to alleviate my dissatisfaction.
It increased till the determination became at length formed of
opening my thoughts to Ludloe. At the next breakfast interview
which took place, I introduced the subject, and expatiated without
reserve, on the state of my feelings. I concluded with entreating
him to point out some path in which my talents might be rendered
useful to himself or to mankind.

After a pause of some minutes, he said, What would you do?
You forget the immaturity of your age. If you are qualified to act
a part in the theatre of life, step forth; but you are not
qualified. You want knowledge, and with this you ought previously
to endow yourself. . . . . Means, for this end, are within your
reach. Why should you waste your time in idleness, and torment
yourself with unprofitable wishes? Books are at hand . . . . books
from which most sciences and languages can be learned. Read,
analise, digest; collect facts, and investigate theories:
ascertain the dictates of reason, and supply yourself with the
inclination and the power to adhere to them. You will not, legally
speaking, be a man in less than three years. Let this period be
devoted to the acquisition of wisdom. Either stay here, or retire
to an house I have on the banks of Killarney, where you will find
all the conveniences of study.

I could not but reflect with wonder at this man's treatment of
me. I could plead none of the rights of relationship; yet I
enjoyed the privileges of a son. He had not imparted to me any
scheme, by pursuit of which I might finally compensate him for the
expense to which my maintenance and education would subject him.
He gave me reason to hope for the continuance of his bounty. He
talked and acted as if my fortune were totally disjoined from his;
yet was I indebted to him for the morsel which sustained my life.
Now it was proposed to withdraw myself to studious leisure, and
romantic solitude. All my wants, personal and intellectual, were
to be supplied gratuitously and copiously. No means were
prescribed by which I might make compensation for all these
benefits. In conferring them he seemed to be actuated by no view
to his own ultimate advantage. He took no measures to secure my
future services.

I suffered these thoughts to escape me, on this occasion, and
observed that to make my application successful, or useful, it was
necessary to pursue some end. I must look forward to some post
which I might hereafter occupy beneficially to myself or others;
and for which all the efforts of my mind should be bent to qualify
myself.

These hints gave him visible pleasure; and now, for the first
time, he deigned to advise me on this head. His scheme, however,
was not suddenly produced. The way to it was circuitous and long.
It was his business to make every new step appear to be suggested
by my own reflections. His own ideas were the seeming result of
the moment, and sprung out of the last idea that was uttered.
Being hastily taken up, they were, of course, liable to objection.
These objections, sometimes occurring to me and sometimes to him,
were admitted or contested with the utmost candour. One scheme
went through numerous modifications before it was proved to be
ineligible, or before it yielded place to a better. It was easy to
perceive, that books alone were insufficient to impart knowledge:
that man must be examined with our own eyes to make us acquainted
with their nature: that ideas collected from observation and
reading, must correct and illustrate each other: that the value of
all principles, and their truth, lie in their practical effects.
Hence, gradually arose, the usefulness of travelling, of inspecting
the habits and manners of a nation, and investigating, on the spot,
the causes of their happiness and misery. Finally, it was
determined that Spain was more suitable than any other, to the
views of a judicious traveller.

My language, habits, and religion were mentioned as obstacles
to close and extensive views; but these difficulties successively
and slowly vanished. Converse with books, and natives of Spain, a
steadfast purpose and unwearied diligence would efface all
differences between me and a Castilian with respect to speech.
Personal habits, were changeable, by the same means. The bars to
unbounded intercourse, rising from the religion of Spain being
irreconcilably opposite to mine, cost us no little trouble to
surmount, and here the skill of Ludloe was eminently displayed.

I had been accustomed to regard as unquestionable, the fallacy
of the Romish faith. This persuasion was habitual and the child of
prejudice, and was easily shaken by the artifices of this logician.
I was first led to bestow a kind of assent on the doctrines of the
Roman church; but my convictions were easily subdued by a new
species of argumentation, and, in a short time, I reverted to my
ancient disbelief, so that, if an exterior conformity to the rights
of Spain were requisite to the attainment of my purpose, that
conformity must be dissembled.

My moral principles had hitherto been vague and unsettled. My
circumstances had led me to the frequent practice of insincerity;
but my transgressions as they were slight and transient, did not
much excite my previous reflections, or subsequent remorse. My
deviations, however, though rendered easy by habit, were by no
means sanctioned by my principles. Now an imposture, more profound
and deliberate, was projected; and I could not hope to perform well
my part, unless steadfastly and thoroughly persuaded of its
rectitude.

My friend was the eulogist of sincerity. He delighted to
trace its influence on the happiness of mankind; and proved that
nothing but the universal practice of this virtue was necessary to
the perfection of human society. His doctrine was splendid and
beautiful. To detect its imperfections was no easy task; to lay
the foundations of virtue in utility, and to limit, by that scale,
the operation of general principles; to see that the value of
sincerity, like that of every other mode of action, consisted in
its tendency to good, and that, therefore the obligation to speak
truth was not paramount or intrinsical: that my duty is modelled
on a knowledge and foresight of the conduct of others; and that,
since men in their actual state, are infirm and deceitful, a just
estimate of consequences may sometimes make dissimulation my duty
were truths that did not speedily occur. The discovery, when made,
appeared to be a joint work. I saw nothing in Ludlow but proofs of
candour, and a judgment incapable of bias.

The means which this man employed to fit me for his purpose,
perhaps owed their success to my youth and ignorance. I may have
given you exaggerated ideas of his dexterity and address. Of that
I am unable to judge. Certain it is, that no time or reflection
has abated my astonishment at the profoundness of his schemes, and
the perseverance with which they were pursued by him. To detail
their progress would expose me to the risk of being tedious, yet
none but minute details would sufficiently display his patience and
subtlety.

It will suffice to relate, that after a sufficient period of
preparation and arrangements being made for maintaining a copious
intercourse with Ludlow, I embarked for Barcelona. A restless
curiosity and vigorous application have distinguished my character
in every scene. Here was spacious field for the exercise of all my
energies. I sought out a preceptor in my new religion. I entered
into the hearts of priests and confessors, the ~hidalgo~ and the
peasant, the monk and the prelate, the austere and voluptuous
devotee were scrutinized in all their forms.

Man was the chief subject of my study, and the social sphere
that in which I principally moved; but I was not inattentive to
inanimate nature, nor unmindful of the past. If the scope of
virtue were to maintain the body in health, and to furnish its
highest enjoyments to every sense, to increase the number, and
accuracy, and order of our intellectual stores, no virtue was ever
more unblemished than mine. If to act upon our conceptions of
right, and to acquit ourselves of all prejudice and selfishness in
the formation of our principles, entitle us to the testimony of a
good conscience, I might justly claim it.

I shall not pretend to ascertain my rank in the moral scale.
Your notions of duty differ widely from mine. If a system of
deceit, pursued merely from the love of truth; if voluptuousness,
never gratified at the expense of health, may incur censure, I am
censurable. This, indeed, was not the limit of my deviations.
Deception was often unnecessarily practised, and my biloquial
faculty did not lie unemployed. What has happened to yourselves
may enable you, in some degree, to judge of the scenes in which my
mystical exploits engaged me. In none of them, indeed, were the
effects equally disastrous, and they were, for the most part, the
result of well digested projects.

To recount these would be an endless task. They were designed
as mere specimens of power, to illustrate the influence of
superstition: to give sceptics the consolation of certainty: to
annihilate the scruples of a tender female, or facilitate my access
to the bosoms of courtiers and monks.

The first achievement of this kind took place in the convent
of the Escurial. For some time the hospitality of this brotherhood
allowed me a cell in that magnificent and gloomy fabric. I was
drawn hither chiefly by the treasures of Arabian literature, which
are preserved here in the keeping of a learned Maronite, from
Lebanon. Standing one evening on the steps of the great altar,
this devout friar expatiated on the miraculous evidences of his
religion; and, in a moment of enthusiasm, appealed to San Lorenzo,
whose martyrdom was displayed before us. No sooner was the appeal
made than the saint, obsequious to the summons, whispered his
responses from the shrine, and commanded the heretic to tremble and
believe. This event was reported to the convent. With whatever
reluctance, I could not refuse my testimony to its truth, and its
influence on my faith was clearly shewn in my subsequent conduct.

A lady of rank, in Seville, who had been guilty of many
unauthorized indulgences, was, at last, awakened to remorse, by a
voice from Heaven, which she imagined had commanded her to expiate
her sins by an abstinence from all food for thirty days. Her
friends found it impossible to outroot this persuasion, or to
overcome her resolution even by force. I chanced to be one in a
numerous company where she was present. This fatal illusion was
mentioned, and an opportunity afforded to the lady of defending her
scheme. At a pause in the discourse, a voice was heard from the
ceiling, which confirmed the truth of her tale; but, at the same
time revoked the command, and, in consideration of her faith,
pronounced her absolution. Satisfied with this proof, the auditors
dismissed their unbelief, and the lady consented to eat.

In the course of a copious correspondence with Ludlow, the
observations I had collected were given. A sentiment, which I can
hardly describe, induced me to be silent on all adventures
connected with my bivocal projects. On other topics, I wrote
fully, and without restraint. I painted, in vivid hues, the scenes
with which I was daily conversant, and pursued, fearlessly, every
speculation on religion and government that occurred. This spirit
was encouraged by Ludloe, who failed not to comment on my
narrative, and multiply deductions from my principles.

He taught me to ascribe the evils that infest society to the
errors of opinion. The absurd and unequal distribution of power
and property gave birth to poverty and riches, and these were the
sources of luxury and crimes. These positions were readily
admitted; but the remedy for these ills, the means of rectifying
these errors were not easily discovered. We have been inclined to
impute them to inherent defects in the moral constitution of men:
that oppression and tyranny grow up by a sort of natural necessity,
and that they will perish only when the human species is extinct.
Ludloe laboured to prove that this was, by no means, the case:
that man is the creature of circumstances: that he is capable of
endless improvement: that his progress has been stopped by the
artificial impediment of government: that by the removal of this,
the fondest dreams of imagination will be realized.

From detailing and accounting for the evils which exist under
our present institutions, he usually proceeded to delineate some
scheme of Utopian felicity, where the empire of reason should
supplant that of force: where justice should be universally
understood and practised; where the interest of the whole and of
the individual should be seen by all to be the same; where the
public good should be the scope of all activity; where the tasks of
all should be the same, and the means of subsistence equally
distributed.

No one could contemplate his pictures without rapture. By
their comprehensiveness and amplitude they filled the imagination.
I was unwilling to believe that in no region of the world, or at no
period could these ideas be realized. It was plain that the
nations of Europe were tending to greater depravity, and would be
the prey of perpetual vicissitude. All individual attempts at
their reformation would be fruitless. He therefore who desired the
diffusion of right principles, to make a just system be adopted by
a whole community, must pursue some extraordinary method.

In this state of mind I recollected my native country, where
a few colonists from Britain had sown the germe of populous and
mighty empires. Attended, as they were, into their new abode, by
all their prejudices, yet such had been the influence of new
circumstances, of consulting for their own happiness, of adopting
simple forms of government, and excluding nobles and kings from
their system, that they enjoyed a degree of happiness far superior
to their parent state.

To conquer the prejudices and change the habits of millions,
are impossible. The human mind, exposed to social influences,
inflexibly adheres to the direction that is given to it; but for
the same reason why men, who begin in error will continue, those
who commence in truth, may be expected to persist. Habit and
example will operate with equal force in both instances.

Let a few, sufficiently enlightened and disinterested, take up
their abode in some unvisited region. Let their social scheme be
founded in equity, and how small soever their original number may
be, their growth into a nation is inevitable. Among other effects
of national justice, was to be ranked the swift increase of
numbers. Exempt from servile obligations and perverse habits,
endowed with property, wisdom, and health. Hundreds will expand,
with inconceivable rapidity into thousands and thousands, into
millions; and a new race, tutored in truth, may, in a few
centuries, overflow the habitable world.

Such were the visions of youth! I could not banish them from
my mind. I knew them to be crude; but believed that deliberation
would bestow upon them solidity and shape. Meanwhile I imparted
them to Ludloe.

Chapter VI.

In answer to the reveries and speculations which I sent to him
respecting this subject, Ludloe informed me, that they had led his
mind into a new sphere of meditation. He had long and deeply
considered in what way he might essentially promote my happiness.
He had entertained a faint hope that I would one day be qualified
for a station like that to which he himself had been advanced.
This post required an elevation and stability of views which human
beings seldom reach, and which could be attained by me only by a
long series of heroic labours. Hitherto every new stage in my
intellectual progress had added vigour to his hopes, and he
cherished a stronger belief than formerly that my career would
terminate auspiciously. This, however, was necessarily distant.
Many preliminaries must first be settled; many arduous
accomplishments be first obtained; and my virtue be subjected to
severe trials. At present it was not in his power to be more
explicit; but if my reflections suggested no better plan, he
advised me to settle my affairs in Spain, and return to him
immediately. My knowledge of this country would be of the highest
use, on the supposition of my ultimately arriving at the honours to
which he had alluded; and some of these preparatory measures could
be taken only with his assistance, and in his company.

This intimation was eagerly obeyed, and, in a short time, I
arrived at Dublin. Meanwhile my mind had copious occupation in
commenting on my friend's letter. This scheme, whatever it was,
seemed to be suggested by my mention of a plan of colonization, and
my preference of that mode of producing extensive and permanent
effects on the condition of mankind. It was easy therefore to
conjecture that this mode had been pursued under some mysterious
modifications and conditions.

It had always excited my wonder that so obvious an expedient
had been overlooked. The globe which we inhabit was very
imperfectly known. The regions and nations unexplored, it was
reasonable to believe, surpassed in extent, and perhaps in
populousness, those with which we were familiar. The order of
Jesuits had furnished an example of all the errors and excellencies
of such a scheme. Their plan was founded on erroneous notions of
religion and policy, and they had absurdly chosen a scene* within
reach of the injustice and ambition of an European tyrant.

It was wise and easy to profit by their example. Resting on
the two props of fidelity and zeal, an association might exist for
ages in the heart of Europe, whose influence might be felt, and
might be boundless, in some region of the southern hemisphere; and
by whom a moral and political structure might be raised, the growth
of pure wisdom, and totally unlike those fragments of Roman and
Gothic barbarism, which cover the face of what are called the
civilized nations. The belief now rose in my mind that some such
scheme had actually been prosecuted, and that Ludloe was a
coadjutor. On this supposition, the caution with which he
approached to his point, the arduous probation which a candidate
for a part on this stage must undergo, and the rigours of that test
by which his fortitude and virtue must be tried, were easily
explained. I was too deeply imbued with veneration for the effects
of such schemes, and too sanguine in my confidence in the rectitude
of Ludloe, to refuse my concurrence in any scheme by which my
qualifications might at length be raised to a due point.

Our interview was frank and affectionate. I found him
situated just as formerly. His aspect, manners, and deportment
were the same. I entered once more on my former mode of life, but
our intercourse became more frequent. We constantly breakfasted
together, and our conversation was usually prolonged through half
the morning.

For a time our topics were general. I thought proper to leave
to him the introduction of more interesting themes: this, however,
he betrayed no inclination to do. His reserve excited some
surprise, and I began to suspect that whatever design he had formed
with regard to me, had been laid aside. To ascertain this
question, I ventured, at length, to recall his attention to the
subject of his last letter, and to enquire whether subsequent
reflection had made any change in his views.

He said that his views were too momentous to be hastily taken
up, or hastily dismissed; the station, my attainment of which
depended wholly on myself, was high above vulgar heads, and was to
be gained by years of solicitude and labour. This, at least, was
true with regard to minds ordinarily constituted; I, perhaps,
deserved to be regarded as an exception, and might be able to
accomplish in a few months that for which others were obliged to
toil during half their lives.

Man, continued he, is the slave of habit. Convince him to-day
that his duty leads straight forward: he shall advance, but at
every step his belief shall fade; habit will resume its empire, and
tomorrow he shall turn back, or betake himself to oblique paths.

We know not our strength till it be tried. Virtue, till
confirmed by habit, is a dream. You are a man imbued by errors,
and vincible by slight temptations. Deep enquiries must bestow
light on your opinions, and the habit of encountering and
vanquishing temptation must inspire you with fortitude. Till this
be done, you are unqualified for that post, in which you will be
invested with divine attributes, and prescribe the condition of a
large portion of mankind.

Confide not in the firmness of your principles, or the
stedfastness of your integrity. Be always vigilant and fearful.
Never think you have enough of knowledge, and let not your caution
slumber for a moment, for you know not when danger is near.

I acknowledged the justice of his admonitions, and professed
myself willing to undergo any ordeal which reason should prescribe.
What, I asked, were the conditions, on the fulfilment of which
depended my advancement to the station he alluded to? Was it
necessary to conceal from me the nature and obligations of this
rank?

These enquiries sunk him more profoundly into meditation than
I had ever before witnessed. After a pause, in which some
perplexity was visible, he answered:

I scarcely know what to say. As to promises, I claim them not
from you. We are now arrived at a point, in which it is necessary
to look around with caution, and that consequences should be fully
known. A number of persons are leagued together for an end of some
moment. To make yourself one of these is submitted to your choice.
Among the conditions of their alliance are mutual fidelity and
secrecy.

Their existence depends upon this: their existence is known
only to themselves. This secrecy must be obtained by all the means
which are possible. When I have said thus much, I have informed
you, in some degree, of their existence, but you are still ignorant
of the purpose contemplated by this association, and of all the
members, except myself. So far no dangerous disclosure is yet
made: but this degree of concealment is not sufficient. Thus much
is made known to you, because it is unavoidable. The individuals
which compose this fraternity are not immortal, and the vacancies
occasioned by death must be supplied from among the living. The
candidate must be instructed and prepared, and they are always at
liberty to recede. Their reason must approve the obligations and
duties of their station, or they are unfit for it. If they recede,
one duty is still incumbent upon them: they must observe an
inviolable silence. To this they are not held by any promise.
They must weigh consequences, and freely decide; but they must not
fail to number among these consequences their own death.

Their death will not be prompted by vengeance. The
executioner will say, he that has once revealed the tale is likely
to reveal it a second time; and, to prevent this, the betrayer must
die. Nor is this the only consequence: to prevent the further
revelation, he, to whom the secret was imparted, must likewise
perish. He must not console himself with the belief that his
trespass will be unknown. The knowledge cannot, by human means, be
withheld from this fraternity. Rare, indeed, will it be that his
purpose to disclose is not discovered before it can be effected,
and the disclosure prevented by his death.

Be well aware of your condition. What I now, or may hereafter
mention, mention not again. Admit not even a doubt as to the
propriety of hiding it from all the world. There are eyes who will
discern this doubt amidst the closest folds of your heart, and your
life will instantly be sacrificed.

At present be the subject dismissed. Reflect deeply on the
duty which you have already incurred. Think upon your strength of
mind, and be careful not to lay yourself under impracticable
obligations. It will always be in your power to recede. Even
after you are solemnly enrolled a member, you may consult the
dictates of your own understanding, and relinquish your post; but
while you live, the obligation to be silent will perpetually attend
you.

We seek not the misery or death of any one, but we are swayed
by an immutable calculation. Death is to be abhorred, but the life
of the betrayer is productive of more evil than his death: his
death, therefore, we chuse, and our means are instantaneous and
unerring.

I love you. The first impulse of my love is to dissuade you
from seeking to know more. Your mind will be full of ideas; your
hands will be perpetually busy to a purpose into which no human
creature, beyond the verge of your brotherhood, must pry. Believe
me, who have made the experiment, that compared with this task, the
task of inviolable secrecy, all others are easy. To be dumb will
not suffice; never to know any remission in your zeal or your
watchfulness will not suffice. If the sagacity of others detect
your occupations, however strenuously you may labour for
concealment, your doom is ratified, as well as that of the wretch
whose evil destiny led him to pursue you.

Yet if your fidelity fail not, great will be your recompence.
For all your toils and self-devotion, ample will be the
retribution. Hitherto you have been wrapt in darkness and storm;
then will you be exalted to a pure and unruffled element. It is
only for a time that temptation will environ you, and your path
will be toilsome. In a few years you will be permitted to withdraw
to a land of sages, and the remainder of your life will glide away
in the enjoyments of beneficence and wisdom.

Think deeply on what I have said. Investigate your own
motives and opinions, and prepare to submit them to the test of
numerous hazards and experiments.

Here my friend passed to a new topic. I was desirous of
reverting to this subject, and obtaining further information
concerning it, but he assiduously repelled all my attempts, and
insisted on my bestowing deep and impartial attention on what had
already been disclosed. I was not slow to comply with his
directions. My mind refused to admit any other theme of
contemplation than this.

As yet I had no glimpse of the nature of this fraternity. I
was permitted to form conjectures, and previous incidents bestowed
but one form upon my thoughts. In reviewing the sentiments and
deportment of Ludloe, my belief continually acquired new strength.
I even recollected hints and ambiguous allusions in his discourse,
which were easily solved, on the supposition of the existence of a
new model of society, in some unsuspected corner of the world.

I did not fully perceive the necessity of secrecy; but this
necessity perhaps would be rendered apparent, when I should come to
know the connection that subsisted between Europe and this
imaginary colony. But what was to be done? I was willing to abide
by these conditions. My understanding might not approve of all the
ends proposed by this fraternity, and I had liberty to withdraw
from it, or to refuse to ally myself with them. That the
obligation of secrecy should still remain, was unquestionably
reasonable.

It appeared to be the plan of Ludloe rather to damp than to
stimulate my zeal. He discouraged all attempts to renew the
subject in conversation. He dwelt upon the arduousness of the
office to which I aspired, the temptations to violate my duty with
which I should be continually beset, the inevitable death with
which the slightest breach of my engagements would be followed, and
the long apprenticeship which it would be necessary for me to
serve, before I should be fitted to enter into this conclave.

Sometimes my courage was depressed by these representations.
. . . . . My zeal, however, was sure to revive; and at length
Ludloe declared himself willing to assist me in the accomplishment
of my wishes. For this end, it was necessary, he said, that I
should be informed of a second obligation, which every candidate
must assume. Before any one could be deemed qualified, he must be
thoroughly known to his associates. For this end, he must
determine to disclose every fact in his history, and every secret
of his heart. I must begin with making these confessions with
regard to my past life, to Ludloe, and must continue to
communicate, at stated seasons, every new thought, and every new
occurrence, to him. This confidence was to be absolutely
limitless: no exceptions were to be admitted, and no reserves to
be practised; and the same penalty attended the infraction of this
rule as of the former. Means would be employed, by which the
slightest deviation, in either case, would be detected, and the
deathful consequence would follow with instant and inevitable
expedition. If secrecy were difficult to practise, sincerity, in
that degree in which it was here demanded, was a task infinitely
more arduous, and a period of new deliberation was necessary before
I should decide. I was at liberty to pause: nay, the longer was
the period of deliberation which I took, the better; but, when I
had once entered this path, it was not in my power to recede.
After having solemnly avowed my resolution to be thus sincere in my
confession, any particle of reserve or duplicity would cost me my
life.

This indeed was a subject to be deeply thought upon. Hitherto
I had been guilty of concealment with regard to my friend. I had
entered into no formal compact, but had been conscious to a kind of
tacit obligation to hide no important transaction of my life from
him. This consciousness was the source of continual anxiety. I
had exerted, on numerous occasions, my bivocal faculty, but, in my
intercourse with Ludloe, had suffered not the slightest intimation
to escape me with regard to it. This reserve was not easily
explained. It was, in a great degree, the product of habit; but I
likewise considered that the efficacy of this instrument depended
upon its existence being unknown. To confide the secret to one,
was to put an end to my privilege: how widely the knowledge would
thenceforth be diffused, I had no power to foresee.

Each day multiplied the impediments to confidence. Shame
hindered me from acknowledging my past reserves. Ludloe, from the
nature of our intercourse, would certainly account my reserve, in
this respect, unjustifiable, and to excite his indignation or
contempt was an unpleasing undertaking. Now, if I should resolve
to persist in my new path, this reserve must be dismissed: I must
make him master of a secret which was precious to me beyond all
others; by acquainting him with past concealments, I must risk
incurring his suspicion and his anger. These reflections were
productive of considerable embarrassment.

There was, indeed, an avenue by which to escape these
difficulties, if it did not, at the same time, plunge me into
greater. My confessions might, in other respects, be unbounded,
but my reserves, in this particular, might be continued. Yet
should I not expose myself to formidable perils? Would my secret
be for ever unsuspected and undiscovered?

When I considered the nature of this faculty, the
impossibility of going farther than suspicion, since the agent
could be known only by his own confession, and even this confession
would not be believed by the greater part of mankind, I was tempted
to conceal it.

In most cases, if I had asserted the possession of this power,
I should be treated as a liar; it would be considered as an absurd
and audacious expedient to free myself from the suspicion of having
entered into compact with a daemon, or of being myself an emissary
of the grand foe. Here, however, there was no reason to dread a
similar imputation, since Ludloe had denied the preternatural
pretensions of these airy sounds.

My conduct on this occasion was nowise influenced by the
belief of any inherent sanctity in truth. Ludloe had taught me to
model myself in this respect entirely with a view to immediate
consequences. If my genuine interest, on the whole, was promoted
by veracity, it was proper to adhere to it; but, if the result of
my investigation were opposite, truth was to be sacrificed without
scruple.

*Paraguay.

Chapter VII.

Meanwhile, in a point of so much moment, I was not hasty to
determine. My delay seemed to be, by no means, unacceptable to
Ludloe, who applauded my discretion, and warned me to be
circumspect. My attention was chiefly absorbed by considerations
connected with this subject, and little regard was paid to any
foreign occupation or amusement.

One evening, after a day spent in my closet, I sought
recreation by walking forth. My mind was chiefly occupied by the
review of incidents which happened in Spain. I turned my face
towards the fields, and recovered not from my reverie, till I had
proceeded some miles on the road to Meath. The night had
considerably advanced, and the darkness was rendered intense, by
the setting of the moon. Being somewhat weary, as well as
undetermined in what manner next to proceed, I seated myself on a
grassy bank beside the road. The spot which I had chosen was aloof
from passengers, and shrowded in the deepest obscurity.

Some time elapsed, when my attention was excited by the slow
approach of an equipage. I presently discovered a coach and six
horses, but unattended, except by coachman and postillion, and with
no light to guide them on their way. Scarcely had they passed the
spot where I rested, when some one leaped from beneath the hedge,
and seized the head of the fore-horses. Another called upon the
coachman to stop, and threatened him with instant death if he
disobeyed. A third drew open the coach-door, and ordered those
within to deliver their purses. A shriek of terror showed me that
a lady was within, who eagerly consented to preserve her life by
the loss of her money.

To walk unarmed in the neighbourhood of Dublin, especially at
night, has always been accounted dangerous. I had about me the
usual instruments of defence. I was desirous of rescuing this
person from the danger which surrounded her, but was somewhat at a
loss how to effect my purpose. My single strength was insufficient
to contend with three ruffians. After a moment's debate, an
expedient was suggested, which I hastened to execute.

Time had not been allowed for the ruffian who stood beside the
carriage to receive the plunder, when several voices, loud,
clamorous, and eager, were heard in the quarter whence the
traveller had come. By trampling with quickness, it was easy to
imitate the sound of many feet. The robbers were alarmed, and one
called upon another to attend. The sounds increased, and, at the
next moment, they betook themselves to flight, but not till a
pistol was discharged. Whether it was aimed at the lady in the
carriage, or at the coachman, I was not permitted to discover, for
the report affrighted the horses, and they set off at full speed.

I could not hope to overtake them: I knew not whither the
robbers had fled, and whether, by proceeding, I might not fall into
their hands. . . . . These considerations induced me to resume my
feet, and retire from the scene as expeditiously as possible. I
regained my own habitation without injury.

I have said that I occupied separate apartments from those of
Ludloe. To these there were means of access without disturbing the
family. I hasted to my chamber, but was considerably surprized to
find, on entering my apartment, Ludloe seated at a table, with a
lamp before him.

My momentary confusion was greater than his. On discovering
who it was, he assumed his accustomed looks, and explained
appearances, by saying, that he wished to converse with me on a
subject of importance, and had therefore sought me at this secret
hour, in my own chamber. Contrary to his expectation, I was
absent. Conceiving it possible that I might shortly return, he had
waited till now. He took no further notice of my absen