The Bible in Spain
by George Borrow
Hypertext Meanings and Commentaries
from the Encyclopedia of the Self
by Mark Zimmerman
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by

GEORGE BORROW

AUTHOR'S PREFACE

It is very seldom that the preface of a work is read;
indeed, of late years, most books have been sent into the world
without any. I deem it, however, advisable to write a preface,
and to this I humbly call the attention of the courteous
reader, as its perusal will not a little tend to the proper
understanding and appreciation of these volumes.

The work now offered to the public, and which is styled
THE BIBLE IN SPAIN, consists of a narrative of what occurred to
me during a residence in that country, to which I was sent by
the Bible Society, as its agent for the purpose of printing and
circulating the Scriptures. It comprehends, however, certain
journeys and adventures in Portugal, and leaves me at last in
"the land of the Corahai," to which region, after having
undergone considerable buffeting in Spain, I found it expedient
to retire for a season.

It is very probable that had I visited Spain from mere
curiosity, or with a view of passing a year or two agreeably, I
should never have attempted to give any detailed account of my
proceedings, or of what I heard and saw. I am no tourist, no
writer of books of travels; but I went there on a somewhat
remarkable errand, which necessarily led me into strange
situations and positions, involved me in difficulties and
perplexities, and brought me into contact with people of all
descriptions and grades; so that, upon the whole, I flatter
myself that a narrative of such a pilgrimage may not be wholly
uninteresting to the public, more especially as the subject is
not trite; for though various books have been published about
Spain, I believe that the present is the only one in existence
which treats of missionary labour in that country.

Many things, it is true, will be found in the following
volume which have little connexion with religion or religious
enterprise; I offer, however, no apology for introducing them.
I was, as I may say, from first to last adrift in Spain, the
land of old renown, the land of wonder and mystery, with better
opportunities of becoming acquainted with its strange secrets
and peculiarities than perhaps ever yet were afforded to any
individual, certainly to a foreigner; and if in many instances
I have introduced scenes and characters perhaps unprecedented
in a work of this description, I have only to observe, that,
during my sojourn in Spain, I was so unavoidably mixed up with
such, that I could scarcely have given a faithful narrative of
what befell me had I not brought them forward in the manner
which I have done.

It is worthy of remark that, called suddenly and
unexpectedly "to undertake the adventure of Spain," I was not
altogether unprepared for such an enterprise. In the daydreams
of my boyhood, Spain always bore a considerable share, and I
took a particular interest in her, without any presentiment
that I should at a future time be called upon to take a part,
however humble, in her strange dramas; which interest, at a
very early period, led me to acquire her noble language, and to
make myself acquainted with her literature (scarcely worthy of
the language), her history and traditions; so that when I
entered Spain for the first time I felt more at home than I
should otherwise have done.

In Spain I passed five years, which, if not the most
eventful, were, I have no hesitation in saying, the most happy
years of my existence. Of Spain, at the present time, now that
the daydream has vanished, never, alas! to return, I entertain
the warmest admiration: she is the most magnificent country in
the world, probably the most fertile, and certainly with the
finest climate. Whether her children are worthy of their
mother, is another question, which I shall not attempt to
answer; but content myself with observing, that, amongst much
that is lamentable and reprehensible, I have found much that is
noble and to be admired; much stern heroic virtue; much savage
and horrible crime; of low vulgar vice very little, at least
amongst the great body of the Spanish nation, with which my
mission lay; for it will be as well here to observe, that I
advance no claim to an intimate acquaintance with the Spanish
nobility, from whom I kept as remote as circumstances would
permit me; EN REVANCHE, however, I have had the honour to live
on familiar terms with the peasants, shepherds, and muleteers
of Spain, whose bread and bacalao I have eaten; who always
treated me with kindness and courtesy, and to whom I have not
unfrequently been indebted for shelter and protection.

"The generous bearing of Francisco Gonzales, and the high
deeds of Ruy Diaz the Cid, are still sung amongst the
fastnesses of the Sierra Morena." (1)

(1) "Om Frands Gonzales, og Rodrik Cid.
End siunges i Sierra Murene!"
KRONIKE RIIM. By Severin Grundtvig. Copenhagen, 1829.

I believe that no stronger argument can be brought
forward in proof of the natural vigour and resources of Spain,
and the sterling character of her population, than the fact
that, at the present day, she is still a powerful and
unexhausted country, and her children still, to a certain
extent, a high-minded and great people. Yes, notwithstanding
the misrule of the brutal and sensual Austrian, the doting
Bourbon, and, above all, the spiritual tyranny of the court of
Rome, Spain can still maintain her own, fight her own combat,
and Spaniards are not yet fanatic slaves and crouching beggars.
This is saying much, very much: she has undergone far more than
Naples had ever to bear, and yet the fate of Naples has not
been hers. There is still valour in Astruria; generosity in
Aragon; probity in Old Castile; and the peasant women of La
Mancha can still afford to place a silver fork and a snowy
napkin beside the plate of their guest. Yes, in spite of
Austrian, Bourbon, and Rome, there is still a wide gulf between
Spain and Naples.

Strange as it may sound, Spain is not a fanatic country.
I know something about her, and declare that she is not, nor
has ever been; Spain never changes. It is true that, for
nearly two centuries, she was the she-butcher, LA VERDUGA, of
malignant Rome; the chosen instrument for carrying into effect
the atrocious projects of that power; yet fanaticism was not
the spring which impelled her to the work of butchery; another
feeling, in her the predominant one, was worked upon - her
fatal pride. It was by humouring her pride that she was
induced to waste her precious blood and treasure in the Low
Country wars, to launch the Armada, and to many other equally
insane actions. Love of Rome had ever slight influence over
her policy; but flattered by the title of Gonfaloniera of the
Vicar of Jesus, and eager to prove herself not unworthy of the
same, she shut her eyes and rushed upon her own destruction
with the cry of "Charge, Spain."

But the arms of Spain became powerless abroad, and she
retired within herself. She ceased to be the tool of the
vengeance and cruelty of Rome. She was not cast aside,
however. No! though she could no longer wield the sword with
success against the Lutherans, she might still be turned to
some account. She had still gold and silver, and she was still
the land of the vine and olive. Ceasing to be the butcher, she
became the banker of Rome; and the poor Spaniards, who always
esteem it a privilege to pay another person's reckoning, were
for a long time happy in being permitted to minister to the
grasping cupidity of Rome, who during the last century,
probably extracted from Spain more treasure than from all the
rest of Christendom.

But wars came into the land. Napoleon and his fierce
Franks invaded Spain; plunder and devastation ensued, the
effects of which will probably be felt for ages. Spain could
no longer pay pence to Peter so freely as of yore, and from
that period she became contemptible in the eyes of Rome, who
has no respect for a nation, save so far as it can minister to
her cruelty or avarice. The Spaniard was still willing to pay,
as far as his means would allow, but he was soon given to
understand that he was a degraded being, - a barbarian; nay, a
beggar. Now, you may draw the last cuarto from a Spaniard,
provided you will concede to him the title of cavalier, and
rich man, for the old leaven still works as powerfully as in
the time of the first Philip; but you must never hint that he
is poor, or that his blood is inferior to your own. And the
old peasant, on being informed in what slight estimation he was
held, replied, "If I am a beast, a barbarian, and a beggar
withal, I am sorry for it; but as there is no remedy, I shall
spend these four bushels of barley, which I had reserved to
alleviate the misery of the holy father, in procuring bull
spectacles, and other convenient diversions, for the queen my
wife, and the young princes my children. Beggar! carajo! The
water of my village is better than the wine of Rome."

I see that in a late pastoral letter directed to the
Spaniards, the father of Rome complains bitterly of the
treatment which he has received in Spain at the hands of
naughty men. "My cathedrals are let down," he says, "my
priests are insulted, and the revenues of my bishops are
curtailed."  He consoles himself, however, with the idea that
this is the effect of the malice of a few, and that the
generality of the nation love him, especially the peasantry,
the innocent peasantry, who shed tears when they think of the
sufferings of their pope and their religion. Undeceive
yourself, Batuschca, undeceive yourself! Spain was ready to
fight for you so long as she could increase her own glory by
doing so; but she took no pleasure in losing battle after
battle on your account. She had no objection to pay money into
your coffers in the shape of alms, expecting, however, that the
same would be received with the gratitude and humility which
becomes those who accept charity. Finding, however, that you
were neither humble nor grateful; suspecting, moreover, that
you held Austria in higher esteem than herself, even as a
banker, she shrugged up her shoulders, and uttered a sentence
somewhat similar to that which I have already put into the
mouth of one of her children, "These four bushels of barley,"
etc.

It is truly surprising what little interest the great
body of the Spanish nation took in the late struggle, and yet
it has been called, by some who ought to know better, a war of
religion and principle. It was generally supposed that Biscay
was the stronghold of Carlism, and that the inhabitants were
fanatically attached to their religion, which they apprehended
was in danger. The truth is, that the Basques cared nothing
for Carlos or Rome, and merely took up arms to defend certain
rights and privileges of their own. For the dwarfish brother
of Ferdinand they always exhibited supreme contempt, which his
character, a compound of imbecility, cowardice, and cruelty,
well merited. If they made use of his name, it was merely as a
CRI DE GUERRE. Much the same may be said with respect to his
Spanish partisans, at least those who appeared in the field for
him. These, however, were of a widely different character from
the Basques, who were brave soldiers and honest men. The
Spanish armies of Don Carlos were composed entirely of thieves
and assassins, chiefly Valencians and Manchegans, who,
marshalled under two cut-throats, Cabrera and Palillos, took
advantage of the distracted state of the country to plunder and
massacre the honest part of the community. With respect to the
Queen Regent Christina, of whom the less said the better, the
reins of government fell into her hands on the decease of her
husband, and with them the command of the soldiery. The
respectable part of the Spanish nation, and more especially the
honourable and toilworn peasantry, loathed and execrated both
factions. Oft when I was sharing at nightfall the frugal fare
of the villager of Old or New Castile, on hearing the distant
shot of the Christino soldier or Carlist bandit, he would
invoke curses on the heads of the two pretenders, not
forgetting the holy father and the goddess of Rome, Maria
Santissima. Then, with the tiger energy of the Spaniard when
roused, he would start up and exclaim: "Vamos, Don Jorge, to
the plain, to the plain! I wish to enlist with you, and to
learn the law of the English. To the plain, therefore, to the
plain to-morrow, to circulate the gospel of Ingalaterra."

Amongst the peasantry of Spain I found my sturdiest
supporters: and yet the holy father supposes that the Spanish
labourers are friends and lovers of his. Undeceive yourself,
Batuschca!

But to return to the present work: it is devoted to an
account of what befell me in Spain whilst engaged in
distributing the Scripture. With respect to my poor labours, I
wish here to observe, that I accomplished but very little, and
that I lay claim to no brilliant successes and triumphs; indeed
I was sent into Spain more to explore the country, and to
ascertain how far the minds of the people were prepared to
receive the truths of Christianity, than for any other object;
I obtained, however, through the assistance of kind friends,
permission from the Spanish government to print an edition of
the sacred volume at Madrid, which I subsequently circulated in
that capital and in the provinces.

During my sojourn in Spain, there were others who wrought
good service in the Gospel cause, and of whose efforts it were
unjust to be silent in a work of this description. Base is the
heart which would refuse merit its meed, and, however
insignificant may be the value of any eulogium which can flow
from a pen like mine, I cannot refrain from mentioning with
respect and esteem a few names connected with Gospel
enterprise. A zealous Irish gentleman, of the name of Graydon,
exerted himself with indefatigable diligence in diffusing the
light of Scripture in the province of Catalonia, and along the
southern shores of Spain; whilst two missionaries from
Gibraltar, Messrs. Rule and Lyon, during one entire year,
preached Evangelic truth in a Church at Cadiz. So much success
attended the efforts of these two last brave disciples of the
immortal Wesley, that there is every reason for supposing that,
had they not been silenced and eventually banished from the
country by the pseudo-liberal faction of the Moderados, not
only Cadiz, but the greater part of Andalusia, would by this
time have confessed the pure doctrines of the Gospel, and have
discarded for ever the last relics of popish superstition.

More immediately connected with the Bible Society and
myself, I am most happy to take this opportunity of speaking of
Luis de Usoz y Rio, the scion of an ancient and honourable
family of Old Castile, my coadjutor whilst editing the Spanish
New Testament at Madrid. Throughout my residence in Spain, I
experienced every mark of friendship from this gentleman, who,
during the periods of my absence in the provinces, and my
numerous and long journeys, cheerfully supplied my place at
Madrid, and exerted himself to the utmost in forwarding the
views of the Bible Society, influenced by no other motive than
a hope that its efforts would eventually contribute to the
peace, happiness, and civilisation of his native land.

In conclusion, I beg leave to state that I am fully aware
of the various faults and inaccuracies of the present work. It
is founded on certain journals which I kept during my stay in
Spain, and numerous letters written to my friends in England,
which they had subsequently the kindness to restore: the
greater part, however, consisting of descriptions of scenery,
sketches of character, etc., has been supplied from memory. In
various instances I have omitted the names of places, which I
have either forgotten, or of whose orthography I am uncertain.
The work, as it at present exists, was written in a solitary
hamlet in a remote part of England, where I had neither books
to consult, nor friends of whose opinion or advice I could
occasionally avail myself, and under all the disadvantages
which arise from enfeebled health; I have, however, on a recent
occasion, experienced too much of the lenity and generosity of
the public, both of Britain and America, to shrink from again
exposing myself to its gaze, and trust that, if in the present
volumes it finds but little to admire, it will give me credit
for good spirit, and for setting down nought in malice.

Nov. 26, 1842.

CHAPTER I

Man Overboard - The Tagus - Foreign Languages - Gesticulation -
Streets of Lisbon - The Aqueduct - Bible tolerated in Portugal -
Cintra - Don Sebastian - John de Castro - Conversation with a Priest -
Colhares - Mafra - Its Palace - The Schoolmaster - The Portuguese -
Their Ignorance of Scripture - Rural Priesthood - The Alemtejo.

On the morning of the tenth of November, 1835, I found
myself off the coast of Galicia, whose lofty mountains, gilded
by the rising sun, presented a magnificent appearance. I was
bound for Lisbon; we passed Cape Finisterre, and standing
farther out to sea, speedily lost sight of land. On the
morning of the eleventh the sea was very rough, and a
remarkable circumstance occurred. I was on the forecastle,
discoursing with two of the sailors: one of them, who had but
just left his hammock, said, "I have had a strange dream, which
I do not much like, for," continued he, pointing up to the
mast, "I dreamt that I fell into the sea from the cross-trees."
He was heard to say this by several of the crew besides myself.
A moment after, the captain of the vessel perceiving that the
squall was increasing, ordered the topsails to be taken in,
whereupon this man with several others instantly ran aloft; the
yard was in the act of being hauled down, when a sudden gust of
wind whirled it round with violence, and a man was struck down
from the cross-trees into the sea, which was working like yeast
below. In a short time he emerged; I saw his head on the crest
of a billow, and instantly recognised in the unfortunate man
the sailor who a few moments before had related his dream. I
shall never forget the look of agony he cast whilst the steamer
hurried past him. The alarm was given, and everything was in
confusion; it was two minutes at least before the vessel was
stopped, by which time the man was a considerable way astern; I
still, however, kept my eye upon him, and could see that he was
struggling gallantly with the waves. A boat was at length
lowered, but the rudder was unfortunately not at hand, and only
two oars could be procured, with which the men could make but
little progress in so rough a sea. They did their best,
however, and had arrived within ten yards of the man, who still
struggled for his life, when I lost sight of him, and the men
on their return said that they saw him below the water, at
glimpses, sinking deeper and deeper, his arms stretched out and
his body apparently stiff, but that they found it impossible to
save him; presently after, the sea, as if satisfied with the
prey which it had acquired, became comparatively calm. The
poor fellow who perished in this singular manner was a fine
young man of twenty-seven, the only son of a widowed mother; he
was the best sailor on board, and was beloved by all who were
acquainted with him. This event occurred on the eleventh of
November, 1835; the vessel was the LONDON MERCHANT steamship.
Truly wonderful are the ways of Providence!

That same night we entered the Tagus, and dropped anchor
before the old tower of Belem; early the next morning we
weighed, and, proceeding onward about a league, we again
anchored at a short distance from the Caesodre, or principal
quay of Lisbon. Here we lay for some hours beside the enormous
black hulk of the RAINHA NAO, a man-of-war, which in old times
so captivated the eye of Nelson, that he would fain have
procured it for his native country. She was, long
subsequently, the admiral's ship of the Miguelite squadron, and
had been captured by the gallant Napier about three years
previous to the time of which I am speaking.

The RAINHA NAO is said to have caused him more trouble
than all the other vessels of the enemy; and some assert that,
had the others defended themselves with half the fury which the
old vixen queen displayed, the result of the battle which
decided the fate of Portugal would have been widely different.

I found disembarkation at Lisbon to be a matter of
considerable vexation; the custom-house officers were
exceedingly uncivil, and examined every article of my little
baggage with most provocating minuteness.

My first impression on landing in the Peninsula was by no
means a favourable one; and I had scarcely pressed the soil one
hour before I heartily wished myself back in Russia, a country
which I had quitted about one month previous, and where I had
left cherished friends and warm affections.

After having submitted to much ill-usage and robbery at
the custom-house, I proceeded in quest of a lodging, and at
last found one, but dirty and expensive. The next day I hired
a servant, a Portuguese, it being my invariable custom on
arriving in a country to avail myself of the services of a
native; chiefly with the view of perfecting myself in the
language; and being already acquainted with most of the
principal languages and dialects of the east and the west, I am
soon able to make myself quite intelligible to the inhabitants.
In about a fortnight I found myself conversing in Portuguese
with considerable fluency.

Those who wish to make themselves understood by a
foreigner in his own language, should speak with much noise and
vociferation, opening their mouths wide. Is it surprising that
the English are, in general, the worst linguists in the world,
seeing that they pursue a system diametrically opposite? For
example, when they attempt to speak Spanish, the most sonorous
tongue in existence, they scarcely open their lips, and putting
their hands in their pockets, fumble lazily, instead of
applying them to the indispensable office of gesticulation.
Well may the poor Spaniards exclaim, THESE ENGLISH TALK SO
CRABBEDLY, THAT SATAN HIMSELF WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND
THEM.

Lisbon is a huge ruinous city, still exhibiting in almost
every direction the vestiges of that terrific visitation of
God, the earthquake which shattered it some eighty years ago.
It stands on seven hills, the loftiest of which is occupied by
the castle of Saint George, which is the boldest and most
prominent object to the eye, whilst surveying the city from the
Tagus. The most frequented and busy parts of the city are
those comprised within the valley to the north of this
elevation.

Here you find the Plaza of the Inquisition, the principal
square in Lisbon, from which run parallel towards the river
three or four streets, amongst which are those of the gold and
silver, so designated from being inhabited by smiths cunning in
the working of those metals; they are upon the whole very
magnificent; the houses are huge and as high as castles;
immense pillars defend the causeway at intervals, producing,
however, rather a cumbrous effect. These streets are quite
level, and are well paved, in which respect they differ from
all the others in Lisbon. The most singular street, however,
of all is that of the Alemcrin, or Rosemary, which debouches on
the Caesodre. It is very precipitous, and is occupied on
either side by the palaces of the principal Portuguese
nobility, massive and frowning, but grand and picturesque,
edifices, with here and there a hanging garden, overlooking the
streets at a great height.

With all its ruin and desolation, Lisbon is
unquestionably the most remarkable city in the Peninsula, and,
perhaps, in the south of Europe. It is not my intention to
enter into minute details concerning it; I shall content myself
with remarking, that it is quite as much deserving the
attention of the artist as even Rome itself. True it is that
though it abounds with churches it has no gigantic cathedral,
like St. Peter's, to attract the eye and fill it with wonder,
yet I boldly say that there is no monument of man's labour and
skill, pertaining either to ancient or modern Rome, for
whatever purpose designed, which can rival the water-works of
Lisbon; I mean the stupendous aqueduct whose principal arches
cross the valley to the north-east of Lisbon, and which
discharges its little runnel of cool and delicious water into
the rocky cistern within that beautiful edifice called the
Mother of the Waters, from whence all Lisbon is supplied with
the crystal lymph, though the source is seven leagues distant.
Let travellers devote one entire morning to inspecting the
Arcos and the Mai das Agoas, after which they may repair to the
English church and cemetery, Pere-la-chaise in miniature,
where, if they be of England, they may well be excused if they
kiss the cold tomb, as I did, of the author of AMELIA, the most
singular genius which their island ever produced, whose works
it has long been the fashion to abuse in public and to read in
secret. In the same cemetery rest the mortal remains of
Doddridge, another English author of a different stamp, but
justly admired and esteemed. I had not intended, on
disembarking, to remain long in Lisbon, nor indeed in Portugal;
my destination was Spain, whither I shortly proposed to direct
my steps, it being the intention of the Bible Society to
attempt to commence operations in that country, the object of
which should be the distribution of the Word of God, for Spain
had hitherto been a region barred against the admission of the
Bible; not so Portugal, where, since the revolution, the Bible
had been permitted both to be introduced and circulated.
Little, however, had been accomplished; therefore, finding
myself in the country, I determined, if possible, to effect
something in the way of distribution, but first of all to make
myself acquainted as to how far the people were disposed to
receive the Bible, and whether the state of education in
general would permit them to turn it to much account. I had
plenty of Bibles and Testaments at my disposal, but could the
people read them, or would they? A friend of the Society to
whom I was recommended was absent from Lisbon at the period of
my arrival; this I regretted, as he could have afforded me
several useful hints. In order, however, that no time might be
lost, I determined not to wait for his arrival, but at once
proceed to gather the best information I could upon those
points to which I have already alluded. I determined to
commence my researches at some slight distance from Lisbon,
being well aware of the erroneous ideas that I must form of the
Portuguese in general, should I judge of their character and
opinions from what I saw and heard in a city so much subjected
to foreign intercourse.

My first excursion was to Cintra. If there be any place
in the world entitled to the appellation of an enchanted
region, it is surely Cintra; Tivoli is a beautiful and
picturesque place, but it quickly fades from the mind of those
who have seen the Portuguese Paradise. When speaking of
Cintra, it must not for a moment be supposed that nothing more
is meant than the little town or city; by Cintra must be
understood the entire region, town, palace, quintas, forests,
crags, Moorish ruin, which suddenly burst on the view on
rounding the side of a bleak, savage, and sterile-looking
mountain. Nothing is more sullen and uninviting than the
south-western aspect of the stony wall which, on the side of
Lisbon, seems to shield Cintra from the eye of the world, but
the other side is a mingled scene of fairy beauty, artificial
elegance, savage grandeur, domes, turrets, enormous trees,
flowers and waterfalls, such as is met with nowhere else
beneath the sun. Oh! there are strange and wonderful objects
at Cintra, and strange and wonderful recollections attached to
them. The ruin on that lofty peak, and which covers part of
the side of that precipitous steep, was once the principal
stronghold of the Lusitanian Moors, and thither, long after
they had disappeared, at a particular moon of every year, were
wont to repair wild santons of Maugrabie, to pray at the tomb
of a famous Sidi, who slumbers amongst the rocks. That grey
palace witnessed the assemblage of the last cortes held by the
boy king Sebastian, ere he departed on his romantic expedition
against the Moors, who so well avenged their insulted faith and
country at Alcazarquibir, and in that low shady quinta,
embowered amongst those tall alcornoques, once dwelt John de
Castro, the strange old viceroy of Goa, who pawned the hairs of
his dead son's beard to raise money to repair the ruined wall
of a fortress threatened by the heathen of Ind; those crumbling
stones which stand before the portal, deeply graven, not with
"runes," but things equally dark, Sanscrit rhymes from the
Vedas, were brought by him from Goa, the most brilliant scene
of his glory, before Portugal had become a base kingdom; and
down that dingle, on an abrupt rocky promontory, stand the
ruined halls of the English Millionaire, who there nursed the
wayward fancies of a mind as wild, rich, and variegated as the
scenes around. Yes, wonderful are the objects which meet the
eye at Cintra, and wonderful are the recollections attached to
them.

The town of Cintra contains about eight hundred
inhabitants. The morning subsequent to my arrival, as I was
about to ascend the mountain for the purpose of examining the
Moorish ruins, I observed a person advancing towards me whom I
judged by his dress to be an ecclesiastic; he was in fact one
of the three priests of the place. I instantly accosted him,
and had no reason to regret doing so; I found him affable and
communicative.

After praising the beauty of the surrounding scenery, I
made some inquiry as to the state of education amongst the
people under his care. He answered, that he was sorry to say
that they were in a state of great ignorance, very few of the
common people being able either to read or write; that with
respect to schools, there was but one in the place, where four
or five children were taught the alphabet, but that even this
was at present closed; he informed me, however, that there was
a school at Colhares, about a league distant. Amongst other
things, he said that nothing more surprised him than to see
Englishmen, the most learned and intelligent people in the
world, visiting a place like Cintra, where there was no
literature, science, nor anything of utility (COISA QUE
PRESTA). I suspect that there was some covert satire in the
last speech of the worthy priest; I was, however, Jesuit enough
to appear to receive it as a high compliment, and, taking off
my hat, departed with an infinity of bows.

That same day I visited Colhares, a romantic village on
the side of the mountain of Cintra, to the north-west. Seeing
some peasants collected round a smithy, I inquired about the
school, whereupon one of the men instantly conducted me
thither. I went upstairs into a small apartment, where I found
the master with about a dozen pupils standing in a row; I saw
but one stool in the room, and to that, after having embraced
me, he conducted me with great civility. After some discourse,
he showed me the books which he used for the instruction of the
children; they were spelling books, much of the same kind as
those used in the village schools in England. Upon my asking
him whether it was his practice to place the Scriptures in the
hands of the children, he informed me that long before they had
acquired sufficient intelligence to understand them they were
removed by their parents, in order that they might assist in
the labours of the field, and that the parents in general were
by no means solicitous that their children should learn
anything, as they considered the time occupied in learning as
so much squandered away. He said, that though the schools were
nominally supported by the government, it was rarely that the
schoolmasters could obtain their salaries, on which account
many had of late resigned their employments. He told me that
he had a copy of the New Testament in his possession, which I
desired to see, but on examining it I discovered that it was
only the epistles by Pereira, with copious notes. I asked him
whether he considered that there was harm in reading the
Scriptures without notes: he replied that there was certainly
no harm in it, but that simple people, without the help of
notes, could derive but little benefit from Scripture, as the
greatest part would be unintelligible to them; whereupon I
shook hands with him, and on departing said that there was no
part of Scripture so difficult to understand as those very
notes which were intended to elucidate it, and that it would
never have been written if not calculated of itself to illume
the minds of all classes of mankind.

In a day or two I made an excursion to Mafra, distant
about three leagues from Cintra; the principal part of the way
lay over steep hills, somewhat dangerous for horses; however, I
reached the place in safety.

Mafra is a large village in the neighbourhood of an
immense building, intended to serve as a convent and palace,
and which is built somewhat after the fashion of the Escurial.
In this edifice exists the finest library in Portugal,
containing books on all sciences and in all languages, and well
suited to the size and grandeur of the edifice which contains
it. There were no monks, however, to take care of it, as in
former times; they had been driven forth, some to beg their
bread, some to serve under the banners of Don Carlos, in Spain,
and many, as I was informed, to prowl about as banditti. I
found the place abandoned to two or three menials, and
exhibiting an aspect of solitude and desolation truly
appalling. Whilst I was viewing the cloisters, a fine
intelligent-looking lad came up and asked (I suppose in the
hope of obtaining a trifle) whether I would permit him to show
me the village church, which he informed me was well worth
seeing; I said no, but added, that it he would show me the
village school I should feel much obliged to him. He looked at
me with astonishment, and assured me that there was nothing to
be seen at the school, which did not contain more than half a
dozen boys, and that he himself was one of the number. On my
telling him, however, that he should show me no other place, he
at length unwillingly attended me. On the way I learned from
him that the schoolmaster was one of the friars who had lately
been expelled from the convent, that he was a very learned man,
and spoke French and Greek. We passed a stone cross, and the
boy bent his head and crossed himself with much devotion. I
mention this circumstance, as it was the first instance of the
kind which I had observed amongst the Portuguese since my
arrival. When near the house where the schoolmaster resided,
he pointed it out to me, and then hid himself behind a wall,
where he awaited my return.

On stepping over the threshold I was confronted by a
short stout man, between sixty and seventy years of age,
dressed in a blue jerkin and grey trousers, without shirt or
waistcoat; he looked at me sternly, and enquired in the French
language what was my pleasure. I apologised for intruding upon
him, and stated that, being informed he occupied the situation
of schoolmaster, I had come to pay my respects to him and to
beg permission to ask a few questions respecting the seminary.
He answered that whoever told me he was a schoolmaster lied,
for that he was a friar of the convent and nothing else. "It
is not then true," said I, "that all the convents have been
broken up and the monks dismissed?"  "Yes, yes," said he with a
sigh, "it is true; it is but too true."  He then was silent for
a minute, and his better nature overcoming his angry feelings,
he produced a snuffbox and offered it to me. The snuff-box is
the olive-branch of the Portuguese, and he who wishes to be on
good terms with them must never refuse to dip his finger and
thumb into it when offered. I took therefore a huge pinch,
though I detest the dust, and we were soon on the best possible
terms. He was eager to obtain news, especially from Lisbon and
Spain. I told him that the officers of the troops at Lisbon
had, the day before I left that place, gone in a body to the
queen and insisted upon her either receiving their swords or
dismissing her ministers; whereupon he rubbed his hands and
said that he was sure matters would not remain tranquil at
Lisbon. On my saying, however, that I thought the affairs of
Don Carlos were on the decline (this was shortly after the
death of Zumalacarregui), he frowned, and cried that it could
not possibly be, for that God was too just to suffer it. I
felt for the poor man who had been driven out of his home in
the noble convent close by, and from a state of affluence and
comfort reduced in his old age to indigence and misery, for his
present dwelling scarcely seemed to contain an article of
furniture. I tried twice or thrice to induce him to converse
about the school, but he either avoided the subject or said
shortly that he knew nothing about it. On my leaving him, the
boy came from his hiding-place and rejoined me; he said that he
had hidden himself through fear of his master's knowing that he
had brought me to him, for that he was unwilling that any
stranger should know that he was a schoolmaster.

I asked the boy whether he or his parents were acquainted
with the Scripture and ever read it; he did not, however, seem
to understand me. I must here observe that the boy was fifteen
years of age, that he was in many respects very intelligent,
and had some knowledge of the Latin language; nevertheless he
knew not the Scripture even by name, and I have no doubt, from
what I subsequently observed, that at least two-thirds of his
countrymen are on that important point no wiser than himself.
At the doors of village inns, at the hearths of the rustics, in
the fields where they labour, at the stone fountains by the
wayside where they water their cattle, I have questioned the
lower class of the children of Portugal about the Scripture,
the Bible, the Old and New Testament, and in no one instance
have they known what I was alluding to, or could return me a
rational answer, though on all other matters their replies were
sensible enough; indeed, nothing surprised me more than the
free and unembarrassed manner in which the Portuguese peasantry
sustain a conversation, and the purity of the language in which
they express their thoughts, and yet few of them can read or
write; whereas the peasantry of England, whose education is in
general much superior, are in their conversation coarse and
dull almost to brutality, and absurdly ungrammatical in their
language, though the English tongue is upon the whole more
simple in its structure than the Portuguese.

On my return to Lisbon I found our friend -, who received
me very kindly. The next ten days were exceedingly rainy,
which prevented me from making any excursions into the country:
during this time I saw our friend frequently, and had long
conversations with him concerning the best means of
distributing the gospel. He thought we could do no better for
the present than put part of our stock into the hands of the
booksellers of Lisbon, and at the same time employ colporteurs
to hawk the books about the streets, receiving a certain profit
off every copy they sold. This plan was agreed upon and
forthwith put in practice, and with some success. I had
thought of sending colporteurs into the neighbouring villages,
but to this our friend objected. He thought the attempt
dangerous, as it was very possible that the rural priesthood,
who still possessed much influence in their own districts, and
who were for the most part decided enemies to the spread of the
gospel, might cause the men employed to be assassinated or ill-
treated.

I determined, however, ere leaving Portugal, to establish
depots of Bibles in one or two of the provincial towns. I
wished to visit the Alemtejo, which I had heard was a very
benighted region. The Alemtejo means the province beyond the
Tagus. This province is not beautiful and picturesque, like
most other parts of Portugal: there are few hills and
mountains, the greater part consists of heaths broken by
knolls, and gloomy dingles, and forests of stunted pine; these
places are infested with banditti. The principal city is Evora,
one of the most ancient in Portugal, and formerly the  seat of
a branch of the Inquisition, yet more cruel and baneful than the
terrible one of Lisbon. Evora lies about sixty miles from Lisbon,
and to Evora I determined on going with twenty  Testaments
and two Bibles. How I fared there will presently be seen.

CHAPTER II

Boatmen of the Tagus - Dangers of the Stream - Aldea Gallega -
The Hostelry - Robbers - Sabocha - Adventure of a Muleteer -
Estalagem de Ladroes - Don Geronimo - Vendas Novas - Royal Residence -
Swine of the Alemtejo - Monto Moro - Swayne Vonved - Singular Goatherd -
Children of the Fields - Infidels and Sadducees.

On the afternoon of the sixth of December I set out for
Evora, accompanied by my servant. I had been informed that the
tide would serve for the regular passage-boats, or felouks, as
they are called, at about four o'clock, but on reaching the
side of the Tagus opposite to Aldea Gallega, between which
place and Lisbon the boats ply, I found that the tide would not
permit them to start before eight o'clock. Had I waited for
them I should have probably landed at Aldea Gallega about
midnight, and I felt little inclination to make my entree in
the Alemtejo at that hour; therefore, as I saw small boats
which can push off at any time lying near in abundance, I
determined upon hiring one of them for the passage, though the
expense would be thus considerably increased. I soon agreed
with a wild-looking lad, who told me that he was in part owner
of one of the boats, to take me over. I was not aware of the
danger in crossing the Tagus at its broadest part, which is
opposite Aldea Gallega, at any time, but especially at close of
day in the winter season, or I should certainly not have
ventured. The lad and his comrade, a miserable looking object,
whose only clothing, notwithstanding the season, was a tattered
jerkin and trousers, rowed until we had advanced about half a
mile from the land; they then set up a large sail, and the lad,
who seemed to direct everything and to be the principal, took
the helm and steered. The evening was now setting in; the sun
was not far from its bourne in the horizon, the air was very
cold, the wind was rising, and the waves of the noble Tagus
began to be crested with foam. I told the boy that it was
scarcely possible for the boat to carry so much sail without
upsetting, upon which he laughed, and began to gabble in a most
incoherent manner. He had the most harsh and rapid
articulation that has ever come under my observation in any
human being; it was the scream of the hyena blended with the
bark of the terrier, though it was by no means an index of his
disposition, which I soon found to be light, merry, and
anything but malevolent, for when I, in order to show him that
I cared little about him, began to hum "EU QUE SOU
CONTRABANDISTA," he laughed heartily and said, clapping me on
the shoulder, that he would not drown us if he could help it.
The other poor fellow seemed by no means averse to go to the
bottom; he sat at the fore part of the boat looking the image
of famine, and only smiled when the waters broke over the
weather side and soaked his scanty habiliments. In a little
time I had made up my mind that our last hour was come; the
wind was getting higher, the short dangerous waves were more
foamy, the boat was frequently on its beam, and the water came
over the lee side in torrents; but still the wild lad at the
helm held on laughing and chattering, and occasionally yelling
out part of the Miguelite air, "QUANDO EL REY CHEGOU" the
singing of which in Lisbon is imprisonment.

The stream was against us, but the wind was in our
favour, and we sprang along at a wonderful rate, and I saw that
our only chance of escape was in speedily passing the farther
bank of the Tagus where the bight or bay at the extremity of
which stands Aldea Gallega commences, for we should not then
have to battle with the waves of the stream, which the adverse
wind lashed into fury. It was the will of the Almighty to
permit us speedily to gain this shelter, but not before the
boat was nearly filled with water, and we were all wet to the
skin. At about seven o'clock in the evening we reached Aldea
Gallega, shivering with cold and in a most deplorable plight.

Aldea Gallega, or the Galician Village (for the two words
are Spanish, and have that signification), it a place
containing, I should think, about four thousand inhabitants.
It was pitchy dark when we landed, but rockets soon began to
fly about in all directions, illuming the air far and wide. As
we passed along the dirty unpaved street which leads to the
Largo, or square in which the inn is situated, a horrible
uproar of drums and voices assailed our ears. On inquiring the
cause of all this bustle, I was informed that it was the eve of
the Conception of the Virgin.

As it was not the custom of the people at the inn to
furnish provisions for the guests, I wandered about in search
of food; and at last seeing some soldiers eating and drinking
in a species of wine-house, I went in and asked the people to
let me have some supper, and in a short time they furnished me
with a tolerable meal, for which, however, they charged three
crowns.

Having engaged with a person for mules to carry us to
Evora, which were to be ready at five next morning, I soon
retired to bed, my servant sleeping in the same apartment,
which was the only one in the house vacant. I closed not my
eyes during the whole night. Beneath us was a stable, in which
some almocreves, or carriers, slept with their mules; at our
back, in the yard, was a pigsty. How could I sleep? The hogs
grunted, the mules screamed, and the almocreves snored most
horribly. I heard the village clock strike the hours until
midnight, and from midnight till four in the morning, when I
sprang up and began to dress, and despatched my servant to
hasten the man with the mules, for I was heartily tired of the
place and wanted to leave it. An old man, bony and hale,
accompanied by a barefooted lad, brought the beasts, which were
tolerably good. He was the proprietor of them, and intended,
with the lad, who was his nephew, to accompany us to Evora.

When we started, the moon was shining brightly, and the
morning was piercingly cold. We soon entered on a sandy hollow
way, emerging from which we passed by a strange-looking and
large edifice, standing on a high bleak sand-hill on our left.
We were speedily overtaken by five or six men on horseback,
riding at a rapid pace, each with a long gun slung at his
saddle, the muzzle depending about two feet below the horse's
belly. I inquired of the old man what was the reason of this
warlike array. He answered, that the roads were very bad
(meaning that they abounded with robbers), and that they went
armed in this manner for their defence; they soon turned off to
the right towards Palmella.

We reached a sandy plain studded with stunted pine; the
road was little more than a footpath, and as we proceeded, the
trees thickened and became a wood, which extended for two
leagues, with clear spaces at intervals, in which herds of
cattle and sheep were feeding; the bells attached to their
necks were ringing lowly and monotonously. The sun was just
beginning to show itself; but the morning was misty and dreary,
which, together with the aspect of desolation which the country
exhibited, had an unfavourable effect on my spirits. I got
down and walked, entering into conversation with the old man.
He seemed to have but one theme, "the robbers," and the
atrocities they were in the habit of practising in the very
spots we were passing. The tales he told were truly horrible,
and to avoid them I mounted again, and rode on considerably in
front.

In about an hour and a half we emerged from the forest,
and entered upon a savage, wild, broken ground, covered with
mato, or brushwood. The mules stopped to drink at a shallow
pool, and on looking to the right I saw a ruined wall. This,
the guide informed me, was the remains of Vendas Velhas, or the
Old Inn, formerly the haunt of the celebrated robber Sabocha.
This Sabocha, it seems, had, some sixteen years ago, a band of
about forty ruffians at his command, who infested these wilds,
and supported themselves by plunder. For a considerable time
Sabocha pursued his atrocious trade unsuspected, and many an
unfortunate traveller was murdered in the dead of night at the
solitary inn by the wood-side, which he kept; indeed, a more
fit situation for plunder and murder I never saw. The gang
were in the habit of watering their horses at the pool, and
perhaps of washing therein their hands stained with the blood
of their victims; the lieutenant of the troop was the brother
of Sabocha, a fellow of great strength and ferocity,
particularly famous for the skill he possessed in darting a
long knife, with which he was in the habit of transfixing his
opponents. Sabocha's connection with the gang at length became
known, and he fled, with the greater part of his associates,
across the Tagus to the northern provinces. Himself and his
brothers eventually lost their lives on the road to Coimbra, in
an engagement with the military. His house was razed by order
of the government.

The ruins are still frequently visited by banditti, who
eat and drink amidst them, and look out for prey, as the place
commands a view of the road. The old man assured me, that
about two months previous, on returning to Aldea Gallega with
his mules from accompanying some travellers, he had been
knocked down, stripped naked, and all his money taken from him,
by a fellow whom he believed came from this murderers' nest.
He said that he was an exceedingly powerful young man, with
immense moustaches and whiskers, and was armed with an
espingarda, or musket. About ten days subsequently he saw the
robber at Vendas Novas, where we should pass the night. The
fellow on recognising him took him aside, and, with horrid
imprecations, threatened that he should never be permitted to
return home if he attempted to discover him; he therefore held
his peace, as there was little to be gained and everything to
be risked in apprehending him, as he would have been speedily
set at liberty for want of evidence to criminate him, and then
he would not have failed to have had his revenge, or would have
been anticipated therein by his comrades.

I dismounted and went up to the place, and saw the
vestiges of a fire and a broken bottle. The sons of plunder
had been there very lately. I left a New Testament and some
tracts amongst the ruins, and hastened away.

The sun had dispelled the mists and was beaming very hot;
we rode on for about an hour, when I heard the neighing of a
horse in our rear, and our guide said there was a party of
horsemen behind; our mules were good, and they did not overtake
us for at least twenty minutes. The headmost rider was a
gentleman in a fashionable travelling dress; a little way
behind were an officer, two soldiers, and a boy in livery. I
heard the principal horseman, on overtaking my servant,
inquiring who I was, and whether French or English. He was
told I was an English gentleman, travelling. He then asked
whether I understood Portuguese; the man said I understood it,
but he believed that I spoke French and Italian better. The
gentleman then spurred on his horse and accosted me, not in
Portuguese, nor in French or Italian, but in the purest English
that I ever heard spoken by a foreigner; it had, indeed,
nothing of foreign accent or pronunciation in it; and had I not
known, by the countenance of the speaker, that he was no
Englishman, (for there is a peculiarity in the countenance, as
everybody knows, which, though it cannot be described, is sure
to betray the Englishman), I should have concluded that I was
in company with a countryman. We continued discoursing until
we arrived at Pegoens.

Pegoens consists of about two or three houses and an inn;
there is likewise a species of barrack, where half a dozen
soldiers are stationed. In the whole of Portugal there is no
place of worse reputation, and the inn is nick-named ESTALAGEM
DE LADROES, or the hostelry of thieves; for it is there that
the banditti of the wilderness, which extends around it on
every side for leagues, are in the habit of coming and spending
the money, the fruits of their criminal daring; there they
dance and sing, eat fricasseed rabbits and olives, and drink
the muddy but strong wine of the Alemtejo. An enormous fire,
fed by the trunk of a cork tree, was blazing in a niche on the
left hand on entering the spacious kitchen. Close by it,
seething, were several large jars, which emitted no
disagreeable odour, and reminded me that I had not broken my
fast, although it was now nearly one o'clock, and I had ridden
five leagues. Several wild-looking men, who if they were not
banditti might easily be mistaken for such, were seated on logs
about the fire. I asked them some unimportant questions, to
which they replied with readiness and civility, and one of
them, who said he could read, accepted a tract which I offered
him.

My new friend, who had been bespeaking dinner, or rather
breakfast, now, with great civility, invited me to partake of
it, and at the same time introduced me to the officer who
accompanied him, and who was his brother, and also spoke
English, though not so well as himself. I found I had become
acquainted with Don Geronimo Joze D'Azveto, secretary to the
government at Evora; his brother belonged to a regiment of
hussars, whose headquarters were at Evora, but which had
outlying parties along the road, - for example, the place where
we were stopping.

Rabbits at Pegoens seem to be a standard article of food,
being produced in abundance on the moors around. We had one
fried, the gravy of which was delicious, and afterwards a
roasted one, which was brought up on a dish entire; the
hostess, having first washed her hands, proceeded to tear the
animal to pieces, which having accomplished, she poured over
the fragments a sweet sauce. I ate heartily of both dishes,
particularly of the last; owing, perhaps, to the novel and
curious manner in which it was served up. Excellent figs, from
the Algarves, and apples concluded our repast, which we ate in
a little side room with a mud floor, which sent such a piercing
chill into my system, as prevented me from deriving that
pleasure from my fare and my agreeable companions that I should
have otherwise experienced.

Don Geronimo had been educated in England, in which
country he passed his boyhood, which in a certain degree
accounted for his proficiency in the English language, the
idiom and pronunciation of which can only be acquired by
residing in the country at that period of one's life. He had
also fled thither shortly after the usurpation of the throne of
Portugal by Don Miguel, and from thence had departed to the
Brazils, where he had devoted himself to the service of Don
Pedro, and had followed him in the expedition which terminated
in the downfall of the usurper and the establishment of the
constitutional government in Portugal. Our conversation rolled
chiefly on literary and political subjects, and my acquaintance
with the writings of the most celebrated authors of Portugal
was hailed with surprise and delight; for nothing is more
gratifying to a Portuguese than to observe a foreigner taking
an interest in the literature of his nation, of which, in many
respects, he is justly proud.

At about two o'clock we were once more in the saddle, and
pursued our way in company through a country exactly resembling
that which we had previously been traversing, rugged and
broken, with here and there a clump of pines. The afternoon
was exceedingly fine, and the bright rays of the sun relieved
the desolation of the scene. Having advanced about two
leagues, we caught sight of a large edifice towering
majestically in the distance, which I learnt was a royal palace
standing at the farther extremity of Vendas Novas, the village
in which we were to pass the night; it was considerably more
than a league from us, yet, seen through the clear transparent
atmosphere of Portugal it appeared much nearer.

Before reaching it we passed by a stone cross, on the
pedestal of which was an inscription commemorating a horrible
murder of a native of Lisbon, which had occurred on that spot;
it looked ancient, and was covered with moss, and the greater
part of the inscription was illegible, at least it was to me,
who could not bestow much time on its deciphering. Having
arrived at Vendas Novas, and bespoken supper, my new friend and
myself strolled forth to view the palace; it was built by the
late king of Portugal, and presents little that is remarkable
in its exterior; it is a long edifice with wings, and is only
two stories high, though it can be seen afar off, from being
situated on elevated ground; it has fifteen windows in the
upper, and twelve in the lower story, with a paltry-looking
door, something like that of a barn, to which you ascend by one
single step; the interior corresponds with the exterior,
offering nothing which can gratify curiosity, if we except the
kitchens, which are indeed magnificent, and so large that food
enough might be cooked in them, at one time, to serve as a
repast for all the inhabitants of the Alemtejo.

I passed the night with great comfort in a clean bed,
remote from all those noises so rife in a Portuguese inn, and
the next morning at six we again set out on our journey, which
we hoped to terminate before sunset, as Evora is but ten
leagues from Vendas Novas. The preceding morning had been
cold, but the present one was far colder, so much so, that just
before sunrise I could no longer support it on horseback, and
therefore dismounting, ran and walked until we reached a few
houses at the termination of these desolate moors. It was in
one of these houses that the commissioners of Don Pedro and
Miguel met, and it was there agreed that the latter should
resign the crown in favour of Donna Maria, for Evora was the
last stronghold of the usurper, and the moors of the Alemtejo
the last area of the combats which so long agitated unhappy
Portugal. I therefore gazed on the miserable huts with
considerable interest, and did not fail to scatter in the
neighbourhood several of the precious little tracts with which,
together with a small quantity of Testaments, my carpet bag was
provided.

The country began to improve; the savage heaths were left
behind, and we saw hills and dales, cork trees, and azinheiras,
on the last of which trees grows that kind of sweet acorn
called bolotas, which is pleasant as a chestnut, and which
supplies in winter the principal food on which the numerous
swine of the Alemtejo subsist. Gallant swine they are, with
short legs and portly bodies of a black or dark red colour; and
for the excellence of their flesh I can vouch, having
frequently luxuriated upon it in the course of my wanderings in
this province; the lombo, or loin, when broiled on the live
embers, is delicious, especially when eaten with olives.

We were now in sight of Monte Moro, which, as the name
denotes, was once a fortress of the Moors; it is a high steep
hill, on the summit and sides of which are ruined walls and
towers; at its western side is a deep ravine or valley, through
which a small stream rushes, traversed by a stone bridge;
farther down there is a ford, over which we passed and ascended
to the town, which, commencing near the northern base, passes
over the lower ridge towards the north-east. The town is
exceedingly picturesque, and many of the houses are very
ancient, and built in the Moorish fashion. I wished much to
examine the relics of Moorish sway on the upper part of the
mountain, but time pressed, and the short period of our stay at
this place did not permit me to gratify my inclination.

Monte Moro is the head of a range of hills which cross
this part of the Alemtejo, and from hence they fork east and
south-east, towards the former of which directions lies the
direct road to Elvas, Badajos, and Madrid; and towards the
latter that to Evora. A beautiful mountain, covered to the top
with cork trees, is the third of the chain which skirts the way
in the direction of Elvas. It is called Monte Almo; a brook
brawls at its base, and as I passed it the sun was shining
gloriously on the green herbage on which flocks of goats were
feeding, with their bells ringing merrily, so that the TOUT
ENSEMBLE resembled a fairy scene; and that nothing might be
wanted to complete the picture, I here met a man, a goatherd,
beneath an azinheira, whose appearance recalled to my mind the
Brute Carle, mentioned in the Danish ballad of Swayne Vonved:-

"A wild swine on his shoulders he kept,
And upon his bosom a black bear slept;
And about his fingers with hair o'erhung,
The squirrel sported and weasel clung."

Upon the shoulder of the goatherd was a beast, which he
told me was a lontra, or otter, which he had lately caught in
the neighbouring brook; it had a string round its neck which
was attached to his arm. At his left side was a bag, from the
top of which peered the heads of two or three singular-looking
animals, and at his right was squatted the sullen cub of a
wolf, which he was endeavouring to tame; his whole appearance
was to the last degree savage and wild. After a little
conversation such as those who meet on the road frequently
hold, I asked him if he could read, but he made me no answer.
I then inquired if he knew anything of God or Jesus Christ; he
looked me fixedly in the face for a moment, and then turned his
countenance towards the sun, which was beginning to sink in the
west, nodded to it, and then again looked fixedly upon me. I
believe that I understood the mute reply; which probably was,
that it was God who made that glorious light which illumes and
gladdens all creation; and gratified with that belief, I left
him and hastened after my companions, who were by this time a
considerable way in advance.

I have always found in the disposition of the children of
the fields a more determined tendency to religion and piety
than amongst the inhabitants of towns and cities, and the
reason is obvious, they are less acquainted with the works of
man's hands than with those of God; their occupations, too,
which are simple, and requiring less of ingenuity and skill
than those which engage the attention of the other portion of
their fellow-creatures, are less favourable to the engendering
of self-conceit and sufficiency so utterly at variance with
that lowliness of spirit which constitutes the best foundation
of piety. The sneerers and scoffers at religion do not spring
from amongst the simple children of nature, but are the
excrescences of overwrought refinement, and though their
baneful influence has indeed penetrated to the country and
corrupted man there, the source and fountainhead was amongst
crowded houses, where nature is scarcely known. I am not one
of those who look for perfection amongst the rural population
of any country; perfection is not to be found amongst the
children of the fall, wherever their abodes may happen to be;
but, until the heart discredits the existence of a God, there
is still hope for the soul of the possessor, however stained
with crime he may be, for even Simon the magician was
converted; but when the heart is once steeled with infidelity,
infidelity confirmed by carnal wisdom, an exuberance of the
grace of God is required to melt it, which is seldom
manifested; for we read in the blessed book that the Pharisee
and the wizard became receptacles of grace, but where is there
mention made of the conversion of the sneering Sadducee, and is
the modern infidel aught but a Sadducee of later date?

It was dark night before we reached Evora, and having
taken leave of my friends, who kindly requested me to consider
their house my home, I and my servant went to the Largo de San
Francisco, in which the muleteer informed me was the best
hostelry of the town. We rode into the kitchen, at the extreme
end of which was the stable, as is customary in Portugal. The
house was kept by an aged gypsy-like female and her daughter, a
fine blooming girl about eighteen years of age. The house was
large; in the upper storey was a very long room, like a
granary, which extended nearly the whole length of the house;
the farther part was partitioned off and formed a chamber
tolerably comfortable but very cold, and the floor was of
tiles, as was also that of the large room in which the
muleteers were accustomed to sleep on the furniture of the
mules. After supper I went to bed, and having offered up my
devotions to Him who had protected me through a dangerous
journey, I slept soundly till the morning.

CHAPTER III

Shopkeeper at Evora - Spanish Contrabandistas - Lion and Unicorn -
The Fountain - Trust in the  Almighty - Distribution of Tracts -
Library at Evora -  Manuscript -The Bible as a Guide - The Infamous Mary
- The Man of Palmella - The Charm - The Monkish System - Sunday -
Volney - An Auto-Da-Fe - Men from Spain - Reading of a Tract -
New Arrival - The Herb Rosemary.

Evora is a small city, walled, but not regularly
fortified, and could not sustain a siege of a day. It has five
gates; before that to the south-west is the principal promenade
of its inhabitants: the fair on St. John's day is likewise held
there; the houses are in general very ancient, and many of them
unoccupied. It contains about five thousand inhabitants,
though twice that number would be by no means disproportionate
to its size. The two principal edifices are the See, or
cathedral, and the convent of San Francisco, in the square
before the latter of which was situated the posada where I had
taken up my abode. A large barrack for cavalry stands on the
right-hand side, on entering the south-west gate. To the
south-east, at the distance of six leagues, is to be seen a
blue chain of hills, the highest of which is called Serra
Dorso; it is picturesquely beautiful, and contains within its
recesses wolves and wild boars in numbers. About a league and
a half on the other side of this hill is Estremos.

I passed the day succeeding my arrival principally in
examining the town and its environs, and, as I strolled about,
entering into conversation with various people that I met;
several of these were of the middle class, shopkeepers and
professional men; they were all Constitutionalists, or
pretended to be so, but had very little to say except a few
commonplace remarks on the way of living of the friars, their
hypocrisy and laziness. I endeavoured to obtain some
information respecting the state of instruction in the place,
and from their answers was led to believe that it must be at
the lowest ebb, for it seemed that there was neither book-shop
nor school. When I spoke of religion, they exhibited the
utmost apathy for the subject, and making their bows left me as
soon as possible.

Having a letter of introduction to a person who kept a
shop in the market-place, I went thither and delivered it to
him as he stood behind his counter. In the course of
conversation, I found that he had been much persecuted whilst
the old system was in its vigour, and that he entertained a
hearty aversion for it. I told him that the ignorance of the
people in religious matters had served to nurse that system,
and that the surest way to prevent its return was to enlighten
their minds: I added that I had brought a small stock of Bibles
and Testaments to Evora, which I wished to leave for sale in
the hands of some respectable merchant, and that it he were
anxious to help to lay the axe to the root of superstition and
tyranny, he could not do so more effectually than by
undertaking the charge of these books. He declared his
willingness to do so, and I went away determined to entrust to
him half of my stock. I returned to the hostelry, and sat down
on a log of wood on the hearth within the immense chimney in
the common apartment; two surly looking men were on their knees
on the stones; before them was a large heap of pieces of old
iron, brass, and copper; they were assorting it, and stowing it
away in various bags. They were Spanish contrabandistas of the
lowest class, and earned a miserable livelihood by smuggling
such rubbish from Portugal into Spain. Not a word proceeded
from their lips, and when I addressed them in their native
language, they returned no other answer than a kind of growl.
They looked as dirty and rusty as the iron in which they
trafficked; their four miserable donkeys were in the stable in
the rear.

The woman of the house and her daughter were exceedingly
civil to me, and coming near crouched down, asking various
questions about England. A man dressed somewhat like an
English sailor, who sat on the other side of the hearth
confronting me, said, "I hate the English, for they are not
baptized, and have not the law," meaning the law of God. I
laughed, and told him that according to the law of England, no
one who was unbaptized could be buried in consecrated ground;
whereupon he said, "Then you are stricter than we."  He then
said, "What is meant by the lion and the unicorn which I saw
the other day on the coat of arms over the door of the English
consul at St. Ubes?"  I said they were the arms of England!
"Yes," he replied, "but what do they represent?"  I said I did
not know. "Then," said he, "you do not know the secrets of
your own house."  I said, "Suppose I were to tell you that they
represent the Lion of Bethlehem, and the horned monster of the
flaming pit in combat, as to which should obtain the mastery in
England, what would you say?"  He replied, "I should say that
you gave a fair answer."  This man and myself became great
friends; he came from Palmella, not far from St. Ubes; he had
several mules and horses with him, and dealt in corn and
barley. I again walked out and roamed in the environs of the
town.

About half a mile from the southern wall is a stone
fountain, where the muleteers and other people who visit the
town are accustomed to water their horses. I sat down by it,
and there I remained about two hours, entering into
conversation with every one who halted at the fountain; and I
will here observe, that during the time of my sojourn at Evora,
I repeated my visit every day, and remained there the same
time; and by following this plan, I believe that I spoke to at
least two hundred of the children of Portugal upon matters
relating to their eternal welfare. I found that very few of
those whom I addressed had received any species of literary
education, none of them had seen the Bible, and not more than
half a dozen had the slightest inkling of what the holy book
consisted. I found that most of them were bigoted Papists and
Miguelites at heart. I therefore, when they told me they were
Christians, denied the possibility of their being so, as they
were ignorant of Christ and His commandments, and placed their
hope of salvation on outward forms and superstitious
observances, which were the invention of Satan, who wished to
keep them in darkness that at last they might stumble into the
pit which he had dug for them. I said repeatedly that the
Pope, whom they revered, was an arch deceiver, and the head
minister of Satan here on earth, and that the monks and friars,
whose absence they so deplored, and to whom they had been
accustomed to confess themselves, were his subordinate agents.
When called upon for proofs, I invariably cited the ignorance
of my auditors respecting the Scriptures, and said that if
their spiritual guides had been really ministers of Christ,
they would not have permitted their flocks to remain
unacquainted with His Word.

Since this occurred, I have been frequently surprised
that I experienced no insult and ill-treatment from the people,
whose superstitions I was thus attacking; but I really
experienced none, and am inclined to believe that the utter
fearlessness which I displayed, trusting in the Protection of
the Almighty, may have been the cause. When threatened by
danger, the best policy is to fix your eye steadily upon it,
and it will in general vanish like the morning mist before the
sun; whereas, if you quail before it, it is sure to become more
imminent. I have fervent hope that the words of my mouth sank
deep into the hearts of some of my auditors, as I observed many
of them depart musing and pensive. I occasionally distributed
tracts amongst them; for although they themselves were unable
to turn them to much account, I thought that by their means
they might become of service at some future time, and fall into
the hands of others, to whom they might be of eternal interest.
Many a book which is abandoned to the waters is wafted to some
remote shore, and there proves a blessing and a comfort to
millions, who are ignorant from whence it came.

The next day, which was Friday, I called at the house of
my friend Don Geronimo Azveto. I did not find him there, but
was directed to the see, or episcopal palace, in an apartment
of which I found him, writing, with another gentleman, to whom
he introduced me; it was the governor of Evora, who welcomed me
with every mark of kindness and affability. After some
discourse, we went out together to examine an ancient edifice,
which was reported to have served, in bygone times, as a temple
to Diana. Part of it was evidently of Roman architecture, for
there was no mistaking the beautiful light pillars which
supported a dome, under which the sacrifices to the most
captivating and poetical divinity of the heathen theocracy had
probably been made; but the original space between the pillars
had been filled up with rubbish of a modern date, and the rest
of the building was apparently of the architecture of the
latter end of the Middle Ages. It was situated at one end of
the building which had once been the seat of the Inquisition,
and had served, before the erection of the present see, as the
residence of the bishop.

Within the see, where the governor now resides, is a
superb library, occupying an immense vaulted room, like the
aisle of a cathedral, and in a side apartment is a collection
of paintings by Portuguese artists, chiefly portraits, amongst
which is that of Don Sebastian. I sincerely hope it did not do
him justice, for it represents him in the shape of an awkward
lad of about eighteen, with a bloated booby face with staring
eyes, and a ruff round a short apoplectic neck.

I was shown several beautifully illuminated missals and
other manuscripts; but the one which most arrested my
attention, I scarcely need say why, was that which bore the
following title:-

"Forma sive ordinatio Capelli illustrissimi et xianissimi
principis Henvici Sexti Regis Anglie et Francie am dm Hibernie
descripta serenissio principi Alfonso Regi Portugalie illustri
per humilem servitorem sm Willm. Sav. Decanu capelle
supradicte."

It seemed a voice from the olden times of my dear native
land! This library and picture gallery had been formed by one
of the latter bishops, a person of much learning and piety.

In the evening I dined with Don Geronimo and his brother;
the latter soon left us to attend to his military duties. My
friend and myself had now much conversation of considerable
interest; he lamented the deplorable state of ignorance in
which his countrymen existed at present. He said that his
friend the governor and himself were endeavouring to establish
a school in the vicinity, and that they had made application to
the government for the use of an empty convent, called the
Espinheiro, or thorn tree, at about a league's distance, and
that they had little doubt of their request being complied
with. I had before told him who I was, and after expressing
joy at the plan which he had in contemplation, I now urged him
in the most pressing manner to use all his influence to make
the knowledge of the Scripture the basis of the education which
the children were to receive, and added, that half the Bibles
and Testaments which I had brought with me to Evora were
heartily at his service; he instantly gave me his hand, said he
accepted my offer with the greatest pleasure, and would do all
in his power to forward my views, which were in many respects
his own. I now told him that I did not come to Portugal with
the view of propagating the dogmas of any particular sect, but
with the hope of introducing the Bible, which is the well-head
of all that is useful and conducive to the happiness of
society, - that I cared not what people called themselves,
provided they followed the Bible as a guide; for that where the
Scriptures were read, neither priestcraft nor tyranny could
long exist, and instanced the case of my own country, the cause
of whose freedom and prosperity was the Bible, and that only,
as the last persecutor of this book, the bloody and infamous
Mary, was the last tyrant who had sat on the throne of England.
We did not part till the night was considerably advanced, and
the next morning I sent him the books, in the firm and
confident hope that a bright and glorious morning was about to
rise over the night which had so long cast its dreary shadows
over the regions of the Alemtejo.

The day after this interesting event, which was Saturday,
I had more conversation with the man from Palmella. I asked
him if in his journeys he had never been attacked by robbers;
he answered no, for that he generally travelled in company with
others. "However," said he, "were I alone I should have little
fear, for I am well protected."  I said that I supposed he
carried arms with him. "No other arms than this," said he,
pulling out one of those long desperate looking knives, of
English manufacture, with which every Portuguese peasant is
usually furnished. This knife serves for many purposes, and I
should consider it a far more efficient weapon than a dagger.
"But," said he, "I do not place much confidence in the knife."
I then inquired in what rested his hope of protection. "In
this," said he: and unbuttoning his waistcoat, he showed me a
small bag, attached to his neck by a silken string. "In this
bag is an oracam, or prayer, written by a person of power, and
as long as I carry it about with me, no ill can befall me."
Curiosity is the leading feature of my character, and I
instantly said, with eagerness, that I should feel great
pleasure in being permitted to read the prayer. "Well," he
replied, "you are my friend, and I would do for you what I
would for few others, I will show it you."  He then asked for
my penknife, and having unripped the bag, took out a large
piece of paper closely folded up. I hurried to my apartment
and commenced the examination of it. It was scrawled over in a
very illegible hand, and was moreover much stained with
perspiration, so that I had considerable difficulty in making
myself master of its contents, but I at last accomplished the
following literal translation of the charm, which was written
in bad Portuguese, but which struck me at the time as being one
of the most remarkable compositions that had ever come to my
knowledge.

THE CHARM

"Just Judge and divine Son of the Virgin Maria, who wast
born in Bethlehem, a Nazarene, and wast crucified in the midst
of all Jewry, I beseech thee, O Lord, by thy sixth day, that
the body of me be not caught, nor put to death by the hands of
justice at all; peace be with you, the peace of Christ, may I
receive peace, may you receive peace, said God to his
disciples. If the accursed justice should distrust me, or have
its eyes on me, in order to take me or to rob me, may its eyes
not see me, may its mouth not speak to me, may it have ears
which may not hear me, may it have hands which may not seize
me, may it have feet which may not overtake me; for may I be
armed with the arms of St. George, covered with the cloak of
Abraham, and shipped in the ark of Noah, so that it can neither
see me, nor hear me, nor draw the blood from my body. I also
adjure thee, O Lord, by those three blessed crosses, by those
three blessed chalices, by those three blessed clergymen, by
those three consecrated hosts, that thou give me that sweet
company which thou gavest to the Virgin Maria, from the gates
of Bethlehem to the portals of Jerusalem, that I may go and
come with pleasure and joy with Jesus Christ, the Son of the
Virgin Maria, the prolific yet nevertheless the eternal
virgin."

The woman of the house and her daughter had similar bags
attached to their necks, containing charms, which, they said,
prevented the witches having power to harm them. The belief in
witchcraft is very prevalent amongst the peasantry of the
Alemtejo, and I believe of other provinces of Portugal. This
is one of the relies of the monkish system, the aim of which,
in all countries where it has existed, seems to have been to
beset the minds of the people, that they might be more easily
misled. All these charms were fabrications of the monks, who
had sold them to their infatuated confessants. The monks of
the Greek and Syrian churches likewise deal in this ware, which
they know to be poison, but which they would rather vend than
the wholesome balm of the gospel, because it brings them a
large price, and fosters the delusion which enables them to
live a life of luxury.

The Sunday morning was fine, and the plain before the
church of the convent of San Francisco was crowded with people
hastening to or returning from the mass. After having
performed my morning devotion, and breakfasted, I went down to
the kitchen; the girl Geronima was seated by the fire. I
inquired if she had heard mass? She replied in the negative,
and that she did not intend to hear it. Upon my inquiring her
motive for absenting herself, she replied, that since the
friars had been expelled from their churches and convents she
had ceased to attend mass, or to confess herself; for that the
government priests had no spiritual power, and consequently she
never troubled them. She said the friars were holy men and
charitable; for that every morning those of the convent over
the way fed forty poor persons with the relics of the meals of
the preceding day, but that now these people were allowed to
starve. I replied, that the friars, who lived on the fat of
the land, could well afford to bestow a few bones upon their
poor, and that their doing so was merely a part of their
policy, by which they hoped to secure to themselves friends in
time of need. The girl then observed, that as it was Sunday, I
should perhaps like to see some books, and without waiting for
a reply she produced them. They consisted principally of
popular stories, with lives and miracles of saints, but amongst
them was a translation of Volney's RUINS OF EMPIRES. I
expressed a wish to know how she became possessed of this book.
She said that a young man, a great Constitutionalist, had given
it to her some months previous, and had pressed her much to
read it, for that it was one of the best books in the world. I
replied, that the author of it was an emissary of Satan, and an
enemy of Jesus Christ and the souls of mankind; that it was
written with the sole aim of bringing all religion into
contempt, and that it inculcated the doctrine that there was no
future state, nor reward for the righteous nor punishment for
the wicked. She made no reply, but going into another room,
returned with her apron full of dry sticks and brushwood, all
which she piled upon the fire, and produced a bright blaze.
She then took the book from my hand and placed it upon the
flaming pile; then sitting down, took her rosary out of her
pocket and told her beads till the volume was consumed. This
was an AUTO DA FE in the best sense of the word.

On the Monday and Tuesday I paid my usual visits to the
fountain, and likewise rode about the neighbourhood on a mule,
for the purpose of circulating tracts. I dropped a great many
in the favourite walks of the people of Evora, as I felt rather
dubious of their accepting them had I proffered them with my
own hand, whereas, should they be observed lying on the ground,
I thought that curiosity might cause them to be picked up and
examined. I likewise, on the Tuesday evening, paid a farewell
visit to my friend Azveto, as it was my intention to leave
Evora on the Thursday following and return to Lisbon; in which
view I had engaged a calash of a man who informed me that he
had served as a soldier in the grande armee of Napoleon, and
been present in the Russian campaign. He looked the very image
of a drunkard. His face was covered with carbuncles, and his
breath impregnated with the fumes of strong waters. He wished
much to converse with me in French, in the speaking of which
language it seemed he prided himself, but I refused, and told
him to speak the language of the country, or I would hold no
discourse with him.

Wednesday was stormy, with occasional rain. On coming
down, I found that my friend from Palmella had departed: but
several contrabandistas had arrived from Spain. They were
mostly fine fellows, and unlike the two I had seen the
preceding week, who were of much lower degree, were chatty and
communicative; they spoke their native language, and no other,
and seemed to hold the Portuguese in great contempt. The
magnificent tones of the Spanish sounded to great advantage
amidst the shrill squeaking dialect of Portugal. I was soon in
deep conversation with them, and was much pleased to find that
all of them could read. I presented the eldest, a man of about
fifty years of age, with a tract in Spanish. He examined it
for some time with great attention; he then rose from his seat,
and going into the middle of the apartment, began reading it
aloud, slowly and emphatically; his companions gathered around
him, and every now and then expressed their approbation of what
they heard. The reader occasionally called upon me to explain
passages which, as they referred to particular texts of
Scripture, he did not exactly understand, for not one of the
party had ever seen either the Old or New Testament.

He continued reading for upwards of an hour, until he had
finished the tract; and, at its conclusion, the whole party
were clamorous for similar ones, with which I was happy to be
able to supply them.

Most of these men spoke of priestcraft and the monkish
system with the utmost abhorrence, and said that they should
prefer death to submitting again to the yoke which had formerly
galled their necks. I questioned them very particularly
respecting the opinion of their neighbours and acquaintances on
this point, and they assured me that in their part of the
Spanish frontier all were of the same mind, and that they cared
as little for the Pope and his monks as they did for Don
Carlos; for the latter was a dwarf (CHICOTITO) and a tyrant,
and the others were plunderers and robbers. I told them they
must beware of confounding religion with priestcraft, and that
in their abhorrence of the latter they must not forget that
there is a God and a Christ to whom they must look for
salvation, and whose word it was incumbent upon them to study
on every occasion; whereupon they all expressed a devout belief
in Christ and the Virgin.

These men, though in many respects more enlightened than
the surrounding peasantry, were in others as much in the dark;
they believed in witchcraft and in the efficacy of particular
charms. The night was very stormy, and at about nine we heard
a galloping towards the door, and then a loud knocking; it was
opened, and in rushed a wild-looking man mounted on a donkey;
he wore a ragged jacket of sheepskin, called in Spanish
zamarra, with breeches of the same as far down as his knees;
his legs were bare. Around his sombrero, or shadowy hat, was
tied a large quantity of the herb which in English is called
rosemary, in Spanish romero, and in the rustic language of
Portugal, alecrim; which last is a word of Scandinavian origin
(ELLEGREN), signifying the elfin plant, and was probably
carried into the south by the Vandals. The man seemed frantic
with terror, and said that the witches had been pursuing him
and hovering over his head for the last two leagues. He came
from the Spanish frontier with meal and other articles; he said
that his wife was following him and would soon arrive, and in
about a quarter of an hour she made her appearance, dripping
with rain, and also mounted on a donkey.

I asked my friends the contrabandistas why he wore the
rosemary in his hat; whereupon they told me that it was good
against witches and the mischances on the road. I had no time
to argue against this superstition, for, as the chaise was to
be ready at five the next morning, I wished to make the most of
the short time which I could devote to sleep.

CHAPTER IV

Vexatious Delays - Drunken Driver - The Murdered Mule -
The Lamentation - Adventure on the Heath - Fear of Darkness -
Portuguese Fidalgo - The Escort - Return to Lisbon.

I rose at four, and after having taken some refreshment,
I descended and found the strange man and his wife sleeping in
the chimney corner by the fire, which was still burning; they
soon awoke and began preparing their breakfast, which consisted
of salt sardinhas, broiled upon the embers. In the meantime
the woman sang snatches of the beautiful hymn, very common in
Spain, which commences thus:-

"Once of old upon a mountain, shepherds overcome with
sleep,
Near to Bethlem's holy tower, kept at dead of night their
sheep;
Round about the trunk they nodded of a huge ignited oak,
Whence the crackling flame ascending bright and clear the
darkness broke."

On hearing that I was about to depart, she said, "You
shall have some of my husband's rosemary, which will keep you
from danger, and prevent any misfortune occurring."  I was
foolish enough to permit her to put some of it in my hat; and
the man having by this time arrived with his mules, I bade
farewell to my friendly hostesses, and entered the chaise with
my servant.

I remarked at the time, that the mules which drew us were
the finest I had ever seen; the largest could be little short
of sixteen hands high; and the fellow told me in his bad French
that he loved them better than his wife and children. We
turned round the corner of the convent and proceeded down the
street which leads to the south-western gate. The driver now
stopped before the door of a large house, and having alighted,
said that it was yet very early, and that he was afraid to
venture forth, as it was very probable we should be robbed, and
himself murdered, as the robbers who resided in the town would
be apprehensive of his discovering them, but that the family
who lived in this house were going to Lisbon, and would depart
in about a quarter of an hour, when we might avail ourselves of
an escort of soldiers which they would take with them, and in
their company we should run no danger. I told him I had no
fear, and commanded him to drive on; but he said he would not,
and left us in the street. We waited an hour, when two
carriages came to the door of the house, but it seems the
family were not yet ready, whereupon the coachman likewise got
down and went away. At the expiration of about half an hour
the family came out, and when their luggage had been arranged
they called for the coachman, but he was nowhere to be found.
Search was made for him, but ineffectually, and an hour more
was spent before another driver could be procured; but the
escort had not yet made its appearance, and it was not before a
servant had been twice despatched to the barracks that it
arrived. At last everything was ready, and they drove off.

All this time I had seen nothing of our own coachman, and
I fully expected that he had abandoned us altogether. In a few
minutes I saw him staggering up the street in a state of
intoxication, attempting to sing the Marseillois hymn. I said
nothing to him, but sat observing him. He stood for some time
staring at the mules and talking incoherent nonsense in French.
At last he said, "I am not so drunk but I can ride," and
proceeded to lead his mules towards the gate. When out of the
town he made several ineffectual attempts to mount the smallest
mule which bore the saddle; he at length succeeded, and
instantly commenced spurring at a furious rate down the road.
We arrived at a place where a narrow rocky path branched off,
by taking which we should avoid a considerable circuit round
the city wall, which otherwise it would be necessary to make
before we could reach the road to Lisbon, which lay at the
north-east; he now said, "I shall take this path, for by so
doing we shall overtake the family in a minute"; so into the
path we went; it was scarcely wide enough to admit the
carriage, and exceedingly steep and broken; we proceeded;
ascending and descending, the wheels cracked, and the motion
was so violent that we were in danger of being cast out as from
a sling. I saw that if we remained in the carriage it must be
broken in pieces, as our weight must insure its destruction. I
called to him in Portuguese to stop, but he flogged and spurred
the beasts the more. My man now entreated me for God's sake to
speak to him in French, for, if anything would pacify him, that
would. I did so, and entreated him to let us dismount and
walk, till we had cleared this dangerous way. The result
justified Antonio's anticipation. He instantly stopped and
said, "Sir, you are master, you have only to command and I
shall obey."  We dismounted and walked on till we reached the
great road, when we once more seated ourselves.

The family were about a quarter of a mile in advance, and
we were no sooner reseated, than he lashed the mules into full
gallop for the purpose of overtaking it; his cloak had fallen
from his shoulder, and, in endeavouring to readjust it, he
dropped the string from his hand by which he guided the large
mule, it became entangled in the legs of the poor animal, which
fell heavily on its neck, it struggled for a moment, and then
lay stretched across the way, the shafts over its body. I was
pitched forward into the dirt, and the drunken driver fell upon
the murdered mule.

I was in a great rage, and cried, "You drunken renegade,
who are ashamed to speak the language of your own country, you
have broke